2026-05-26T05:34:07Z https://engrxiv.org/oai

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/1 2022-01-21T14:36:57Z engrxiv:PRE

Incorporation of liberal education into the engineering curriculum at a polytechnic Berg, Devin R. Lee, Tina engineering education engineering ethics engrxiv liberal education Preprint Traditional engineering education often falls short when it comes to the inclusion of issues related to social justice, ethics, and globalization. While engineering programs are required to include ethics content for accreditation, most seem to rely primarily on general education electives, providing only a high-level overview and including the bare minimum in the program core. This can lead to an inconsistent student experience and minimal exposure to topics which are critically important for achieving worldwide equity and operating responsibly in the engineering workplace. Given the role that engineers play in economic development, this is unacceptable. It is therefore the responsibility of engineering educators to find a better way to shape the future of the engineering profession. This paper outlines the early efforts at integrating the topics of ethics, social justice, and social responsibility more directly into the engineering curriculum. This is approached from the perspectives of pedagogy, curriculum development, and service learning opportunities. It is within this context that the authors hope to influence students' awareness of and connection to social and environmental issues as well as the ethical frameworks they develop and carry with them into their professional careers. This paper centers around the creation and delivery of a new introductory engineering course combining liberal education topics and introductory engineering topics. This course also includes a substantial design project which incorporates a cultural engagement component through collaboration with international partners. The first offering of this new course revealed that, while some reservations persist, students found value in exploring what it means to be an engineer in a broader global context. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/1 10.31224/osf.io/xjpcm eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/1/1 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/1/2 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/2 2022-01-21T14:37:08Z engrxiv:PRE

A methodology for exploring, documenting, and improving humanitarian service learning in the university Berg, Devin R. engrxiv EWB humanitarian engineering methodology Preprint service learning socarxiv Through the use of service learning in higher education, universities hope to both provide real benefit to the partnering community and allow students to develop a greater understanding of course curriculum, their discipline, and their personal positioning within society. Through these educational activities, service learning seeks to engage students in critical thinking processes while simultaneously achieving a greater sense of civic and social responsibility through targeted participation in meaningful community service activities. However, in practice, service learning can take a variety of forms predicated on technical, cultural, societal, and political constraints. Thus, while some work shows positive effects on students' attitudes, social behaviour, and academic performance, less research has demonstrated long-term community impact. Nor has much research shown that participation in service learning has a long-term impact on students' ethical perspectives and frameworks, and whether those ethical frames carry on to their professional careers. Moreover, as institutions partner with such humanitarian service groups as Engineers Without Borders USA, we know considerably less about the institutional cultures and climates that are developed through such partnerships and how sustainable they are, given those inherent technical, political and cultural limitations. As a first step towards these goals, this paper proposes a methodology for investigating the impacts of service learning activities on both the students and communities involved. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/2 10.31224/osf.io/kubdw eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/2/3 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/2/4

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/3 2022-01-21T14:37:16Z engrxiv:PRE

Twitter in the engineering classroom Berg, Devin R. engineering education engrxiv Preprint SoTL Twitter The micro-blogging platform, Twitter, has been employed by some in higher education as a tool for enhanced student engagement. This platform has shown promise as an educational tool for the promotion of critical reading and writing and concise expression of ideas. However, it is unclear in what settings and under what circumstances Twitter can be effectively employed in the engineering classroom. These questions were explored over a multi-semester study of student participation in directed social media discussions within the engineering classroom. The various cohorts of students included in this study were drawn from engineering courses. Comparisons were made between these multiple cohorts on the basis of active engagement in the assigned tasks, performance on homework and examinations, and overall course performance. Through the process of using this practice in the classroom, it was found that there was difficulty encouraging engineering students to participate in Twitter discussions regardless of the incentive provided. Limited evidence was found of greater course achievement correlating with greater participation in Twitter based tasks. It is expected that greater effort is required in familiarizing students with the Twitter platform and increasing their comfort level with asking questions and carrying out discussions in a public forum. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/3 10.31224/osf.io/3ef4r eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/3/5 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/3/6

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/4 2022-01-21T14:37:25Z engrxiv:PRE

Precision, repeatability and accuracy of Optotrak® optical motion tracking systems Schmidt, Jill Berg, Devin R. biomechanics engrxiv Preprint validation In the field of biomechanics, optical motion tracking systems are commonly used to record human motion and assist in surgical navigation. Recently, motion tracking systems have been used to track implant and bone motion on a micron-level. The present study evaluated four different Optotrak® motion tracking systems to determine the precision, repeatability and accuracy under static testing conditions. The distance between the camera systems and the rigid body, as well as the tilt angle of the rigid body, did affect the resulting precision, repeatability and accuracy of the camera systems. The precision and repeatability, calculated as the within-trial and between-trial standard deviations, respectively, were less than 30 µm; with some configurations producing precision and repeatability less than 1 µm. The accuracy was less than 0.53% of the total displacement for the in-plane motion and less than 1.56% of the total displacement for the out-of-plane motion. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/4 10.31224/osf.io/mcr5x eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/4/7 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/4/8 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/5 2022-01-21T14:37:33Z engrxiv:PRE

Design of a Hydraulic Dexterous Manipulator for Minimally Invasive Surgery Berg, Devin R. design engrxiv minimally invasive surgery NOTES Preprint robotics robotic surgery thesis The research described here identifies the limitations of existing robotic surgical platforms, which include the balance between the scale of the robot and its manipulability in terms of range of motion, load capacity, and tool capability, then develops a means of overcoming them by taking advantage of fluid power as an enabling technology with its inherent power density and controllability. The approach described here differs significantly from conventional surgical robots in that the robot is embedded within the surgical device itself, whereas in the conventional system, a general-purpose robot is used to manipulate various surgical tools. This is done in order to demonstrate that fluid power can be used advantageously for the design of embedded surgical robotic systems for minimally invasive surgery. To enable the design of a fluid powered surgical robot, it was first necessary to identify the design requirements for a robot of this nature as well as the considerations unique to this approach. To this end, a quantification of the necessary load capacity for natural orifice robots was conducted. Further, through a review of the literature in the fields of surgery and robotics, considerations of necessary workspace and limitations for the prevention of tissue damage were explored. The results of these analyses are presented. The technologies that comprise this novel surgical robotic system include a hydraulic control valve, actuation units, and an enabling structure. The intended application of these technologies introduced numerous limitations and challenges to the design process. The most stringent of these limitations was that of overall size, due to the realities of patient anatomy, which prevented the use of commercially available hydraulic components. An assemblage of components to achieve the aforementioned design requirements is described including the design of a novel hydraulic control valve to enable manipulation of three actuators using a single valve sized to fit within the working channel of a surgical endoscope. The advantage of the described approach is that the device enables greater miniaturization, improves cost effectiveness, and has better ease of mobility. The mobility and the relaxed requirements for operating room cleanliness can be potentially useful for mobile clinics, out-patient clinical settings, and on the battlefield. Being more cost effective and having a small overall size, the robotic assisted surgical devices can be widely deployed, even in rural or other less technology intensive environments. Through careful review of the literature and analytical evaluation of the various proposed concepts, it was possible to arrive at a design that meets the needs of modern surgical interventions while addressing the perceived limitations of existing surgical robotics. Through the efforts described in this dissertation, much new information was produced and developments resulted. The considerations of hydraulic power for surgical robots were evaluated and are applicable to other surgical tasks where hydraulic power may be used advantageously. A quantification of the load requirements for surgical robots performing abdominal procedures was produced which will provide a guide for other researchers developing surgical robots. These values are difficult to find in the literature and are a valuable resource for the field. An alternative, simplified model for predicting the behavior of continuum beams under load was developed to provide an inverse formulation for computing beam shape and end loads. This is useful as continuum beams are widely used for minimally invasive surgical manipulators as well as in a wide variety of other applications. Finally, a novel valve concept and two possible designs realizing this concept were developed. These valve designs facilitate control over the three actuators in an antagonistic arrangement. Further, the valve designs enable proportional control of the three actuators at a size scale not commercially available. In summary, the design of a novel hydraulic surgical manipulator as a summation of its parts has been performed. This design demonstrates the feasibility of the fluid power approach to embedded minimally invasive surgical robotics. The pursuit of this research has provided many unique challenges and the work presented here has addressed many of them, as well as laid the foundation for future developments in the application of hydraulic power to the growing field of surgical robotics for minimally invasive surgery. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/5 10.31224/osf.io/k2fhj eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/5/9 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/5/10

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/6 2022-01-21T14:37:44Z engrxiv:PRE

Desktop Load/Deflection Measurement Berg, Devin R. design engrxiv Preprint In order to achieve a low-cost solution for the collection of load/deflection data, a simple device based upon a balance like mechanism and two variable measurements was designed and tested. The device uses a linear variable differential transformer and a potentiometer to determine the load applied to the test specimen and the extension that the specimen exhibits under such a load. Test samples of known characteristics were used in order to provide a basis for gaging the performance of the device against well-established measurement systems. It was found that the slope of the load/deflection curve obtained with this device was within 10 % of the accepted data. This performance is considered reasonable for a device of this nature and several areas for improvement are discussed. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/6 10.31224/osf.io/6t8bs eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/6/11 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/6/12

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/7 2022-01-21T14:37:53Z engrxiv:PRE

Tissue Mechanics as a Predictor for Saccular Aneurysm Rupture Berg, Devin R. biomechanics engrxiv Preprint Intracranial saccular aneurysms are highly prevalent in the western world. Although rupture occurs in a only small number of aneurysms, the mortality rate associated with this event is significant. Thus due to the high risk associated with rupture and the risks of rupture repair surgery it is desirable to be able to predict whether a specific aneurysm is likely to rupture or will instead stabilize. Research into aneurysm development has shown that the response cannot be quantified with simple mechanical models alone. It is also necessary to consider growth and remodeling of the tissue constituents and complex geometric stress concentrators as well. Through the production of complete aneurysm development models, it may be possible to enable accurate prediction of aneurysm rupture based on clinically observable measures such as aneurysm geometry and growth rates. This would help to minimize the use of risky and unnecessary repair surgeries for aneurysms which would ultimately stabilize naturally. Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/7 10.31224/osf.io/ect3w eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/7/13 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/7/14

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/8 2022-01-21T14:38:01Z engrxiv:PRE

MULTI-PORT SOLUTION FOR EFFICIENT, LOW-COST OPTICAL SWITCHES Berg, Devin R. MEMS microfabrication nanofabrication Preprint Engineering Archive 2016-07-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/8 10.31224/osf.io/657pb eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/8/15 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/8/16

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/9 2022-01-21T14:38:09Z engrxiv:PRE

On Advantages of the Kelvin Mapping in Finite Element Implementations of Deformation Processes Nagel, Thomas Moerman, Kevin Mattheus engrxiv finite element analysis kelvin Preprint Classical continuum mechanical theories operate on three-dimensional Euclidian space using scalar, vector, and tensor-valued quantities usually up to the order of four. For their numerical treatment, it is common practice to transform the relations into a matrix-vector format. This transformation is usually performed using the so-called Voigt mapping. This mapping does not preserve tensor character leaving significant room for error as stress and strain quantities follow from different mappings and thus have to be treated differently in certain mathematical operations. Despite its conceptual and notational difficulties having been pointed out, the Voigt mapping remains the foundation of most current finite element programmes. An alternative is the so-called Kelvin mapping which has recently gained recognition in studies of theoretical mechanics. This article is concerned with benefits of the Kelvin mapping in numerical modelling tools such as finite element software. The decisive difference to the Voigt mapping is that Kelvin’s method preserves tensor character, and thus the numerical matrix notation directly corresponds to the original tensor notation. Further benefits in numerical implementations are that tensor norms are calculated identically without distinguishing stress or strain-type quantities and tensor equations can be directly transformed into matrix equations without additional considerations. The only implementational changes are related to a scalar factor in certain finite element matrices and hence, harvesting the mentioned benefits comes at very little cost. Engineering Archive 2016-07-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/9 10.31224/osf.io/esjbz eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/9/17 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/9/18 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/10 2022-01-21T14:38:18Z engrxiv:PRE

Digital image correlation and finite element modelling as a method to determine mechanical properties of human soft tissue in vivo Moerman, Kevin Mattheus engrxiv Preprint The mechanical properties of human soft tissue are crucial for impact biomechanics, rehabilitation engineering and surgical simulation. Validation of these constitutive models using human data remains challenging and often requires the use of non-invasive imaging and inverse finite element (FE) analysis. Post processing data from imaging methods such as tagged magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) can be challenging. Digital Image Correlation (DIC) however is a relatively straightforward imaging method and thus the goal of this study was to assess the use of DIC in combination with FE modelling to determine the bulk material properties of human soft tissue. Indentation experiments were performed on a silicone gel soft tissue phantom. A two camera DIC setup was then used to record the 3D surface deformation. The experiment was then simulated using a FE model. Engineering Archive 2016-07-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/10 10.31224/osf.io/g356d eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/10/19 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/10/20

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/11 2022-01-21T14:38:28Z engrxiv:PRE

Uniaxial and Biaxial Mechanical Properties of Porcine Linea Alba Cooney, Gerard Moerman, Kevin Mattheus engrxiv Preprint Trocar site hernia (or incisional hernia) is a severe complication post laparoscopic surgery that is commonly associated with the linea alba. However, the few studies on the mechanical properties of the linea alba in the literature appear contradictory, possible due to challenges with the physical dimensions of samples and variations in protocol. This study focuses on the tensile mechanical characterisation of the porcine linea alba, as determined by uniaxial and equi-load biaxial testing using image-based strain measurement methods. Results show that the linea alba demonstrated a non-linear elastic, anisotropic behaviour which is often observed in biological soft tissues. The transverse direction (parallel to fibres) was found to be approximately 8 times stiffer than the longitudinal (cross-fibre) direction under both uniaxial and equi-load biaxial loading. The equi-load biaxial tensile tests revealed that contraction could occur in the transverse direction despite increasing load, probably due to the anisotropy of the tissue. Optical surface marker tracking and digital image correlation methods were found to greatly improve the accuracy of stretch measurement, resulting in a 75% change in the apparent stiffness compared to using strain derived from machine cross-head displacement. Additionally, a finite element model of the experiments using a combination of an Ogden and fibre exponential power law model for the linea alba was implemented to quantify the effect of clamping and tissue dimensions (which are suboptimal for tensile testing) on the results. The preliminary model results were used to apply a correction factor to the uniaxial experimental data prior to inverse optimisation to derive best fit material parameters for the fibre reinforced Ogden model. Application of the model to the equi-load biaxial case showed some differences compared to the experimental data, suggesting a more complex anisotropic model may be necessary to capture biaxial behaviour. These results provide an improved assessment of the mechanical properties of the porcine linea alba for wound closure and other studies. Engineering Archive 2016-07-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/11 10.31224/osf.io/yvz57 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/11/21 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/11/22

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/12 2022-01-21T14:38:37Z engrxiv:PRE

Path Oriented Powered Wheelchair Navigation Assistance Dekarske, Jason engrxiv Preprint Engineering Archive 2016-07-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/12 10.31224/osf.io/5ybzg eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/12/23 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/12/24

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/13 2022-01-21T14:38:46Z engrxiv:PRE

Analysis of an approach for detecting arc positions during vacuum arc remelting based on magnetic flux density measurements Soler, Miguel Niemeyer, Kyle Evan arc position sensing engrxiv magnetostatics Preprint vacuum arc remelting Vacuum arc remelting (VAR) is a melting process for the production of homogeneous ingots, achieved by applying a direct current to create electrical arcs between the input electrode and the resultant ingot. Arc behavior drives quality of the end product, but no methodology is currently used in VAR furnaces at large scale to track arcs in real time. An arc position sensing (APS) technology was recently developed as a methodology to predict arc locations using magnetic field values measured by sensors. This system couples finite element analysis of VAR furnace magnetostatics with direct magnetic field measurements to predict arc locations. However, the published APS approach did not consider the effect of various practical issues that could affect the magnetic field distribution and thus arc location predictions. In this paper, we studied how altering assumptions made in the finite element model affect arc location predictions. These include the vertical position of the sensor relative to the electrode-ingot gap, a varying electrode-ingot gap size, ingot shrinkage, and the use of multiple sensors rather than a single sensor. Among the parameters studied, only vertical distance between arc and sensor locations causes large sources of error, and should be considered further when applying an APS system. However, averaging the predicted locations from four evenly spaced sensors helps reduce this error to no more than 16 % for a sensor position varying from 0.508 m below and above the electrode-ingot gap height. Engineering Archive 2016-07-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/13 10.31224/osf.io/wca5h eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/13/29 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/13/30 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/14 2022-01-21T14:39:01Z engrxiv:PRE

Breast ultrasound tomography versus magnetic resonance imaging for clinical display of anatomy and tumor rendering: Preliminary results Ranger, Bryan engrxiv Preprint *Abstract* *Objective: *To determine the clinical display thresholds of an ultrasound tomography (UST) prototype relative to magnetic resonance (MR) for comparable visualization of breast anatomy and tumor rendering. *Materials and Methods: *The study was compliant with HIPAA, approved by the IRB, and performed after obtaining informed consent. Thirty-six women were imaged with MR and our UST prototype. The UST scan generated reflection, sound speed and attenuation images. The reflection images were fused with the components of sound speed and attenuation images that achieved thresholds to represent parenchyma and/or solid masses using an image arithmetic process. Qualitative and quantitative comparisons of MR and UST clinical images were used to identify anatomical similarities, and optimized thresholds for tumor shapes and volumes. *Results: *Thresholding techniques generated UST images comparable to MR for visualizing fibrous stroma, parenchyma, fatty tissues, and tumors, of which 25 were cancer and 11 benign. Optimized sound speed thresholds of 1.46±0.1 km/s and 1.52±0.03 km/s were identified to best represent the extent of fibroglandular tissue and solid masses, respectively. An arithmetic combination of attenuation images using the threshold of 0.16±0.04 dB/cm further characterized benign from malignant masses. No significant difference in tumor volume was noted between benign or malignant masses by UST or MR (p>0.1) using these universal thresholds. *Conclusion: *UST demonstrated the ability to image and render breast tissues in a manner comparable to MR. Universal UST threshold values appear feasible for rendering of the size and distribution of benign and malignant tissues without intravenous contrast. Engineering Archive 2016-08-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/14 10.31224/osf.io/j7nrf eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/14/31 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/14/32

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/15 2022-01-21T14:39:09Z engrxiv:PRE

Assistive Robot to Aid with Catheter Insertion Martin-Wegryn, Vanessa Berg, Devin R. assistive technology engrxiv robotics RobotREU There is an overlap between those who need to insert a urinary catheter and those who have tremors, such as the elderly or those who have multiple sclerosis. Currently, there are no proposed solutions to aid those with hand tremors insert a catheter comfortably. The shaking motion of a tremor can make catheter insertion painful because the patient will have difficulty inserting the catheter into the small opening of the urethra. If the shaking motion of the tremor was reduced or suppressed, the catheter would enter the body more smoothly and in turn make the cathing process easier and more comfortable. In addition, an automated device would help the patient insert the catheter more steadily into the body. This paper discusses a preliminary idea for an assistive robotic device that would aid with catheter insertion for hand tremor patients. A demonstration was constructed to show how the device is intended to work, and an in depth overview was completed to select the best tremor suppression technique. Finally, further work is discussed on how to move the design forward and prepare the device for testing. Engineering Archive 2016-08-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/15 10.31224/osf.io/k7fgk eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/15/33 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/15/34

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/16 2022-01-21T14:39:18Z engrxiv:PRE

Path Oriented Electric Wheelchair Steering Assistance Dekarske, Jason Berg, Devin R. assistive technology design engineering engrxiv RobotREU Engineering Archive 2016-08-14 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/16 10.31224/osf.io/ptyhf eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/16/35 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/16/36

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/17 2022-01-21T14:39:27Z engrxiv:PRE

Automated and Data-driven Computational Design of Patient-Specific Biomechanical Interfaces Moerman, Kevin Mattheus Solav, Dana Sengeh, David Herr, Hugh biomechanics engrxiv finite element analysis preprint prosthetic Biomechanical interfaces are mechanical structures that form the connection between a device and a tissue region, and, through appropriate load transfer, aim to minimize tissue discomfort and injury. A patient-specific and data-driven computational framework for the automated design of biomechanical interfaces is presented here. Optimization of the design of biomechanical interfaces is complex since it is affected by the interplay of the geometry and mechanical properties of both the tissue and the interface. The proposed framework is presented for the application of transtibial amputee prostheses where the interface is formed by a prosthetic liner and socket. Conventional socket design and manufacturing is largely artisan, non-standard, and insufficiently data-driven, leading to discrepancies between the quality of sockets produced by different prosthetists. Furthermore, current prosthetic liners are often not patient-specific. The proposed framework involves: A) non-invasive imaging to record patient geometry, B) indentation to assess tissue mechanical properties, C) data-driven and automated creation of patient-specific designs, D) patient-specific finite element analysis (FEA) and design evaluation, and finally E) computer aided manufacturing. Uniquely, the FEA procedure controls both the design and mechanical properties of the devices, and simulates, not only the loading during use, but also the pre-load induced by the donning of both the liner and the socket independently. Through FEA evaluation, detailed information on internal and external tissue loading, which are directly responsible for discomfort and injury, are available. Further, these provide quantitative evidence on the implications of design choices, e.g. : 1) alterations in the design can be used to locally enhance or reduce tissue loading, 2) compliant features can aid in relieving local surface pressure. The proposed methods form a patient-specific, data-driven and repeatable design framework for biomechanical interfaces, and by enabling FEA-based optimization reduces the requirement for repeated patient involvement in the currently manual and iterative design process. Engineering Archive 2016-08-15 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/17 10.31224/osf.io/g8h9n eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/17/43 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/17/44 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/18 2022-01-21T14:40:00Z engrxiv:PRE

OpenWIM - Open Science and Weigh in Motion Research (Poster Preprint) Ogasawara, Ivan engrxiv Preprint Although there are many papers publicly available about Weigh-in-Motion, a little bit researchers publish their sources and data, which could allow a better reproduction of their experiments and results. In this context, the Open Science concept can help improve the WIM research through collaborative efforts and reproducible methods, using algorithms and data with open access. The OpenWIM project was born upon this background as an open science initiative, to provide a WIM researchers a repository with initial structure that can then be converted into a framework for researchers to develop and test new methods and technologies. Engineering Archive 2016-08-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/18 10.31224/osf.io/6n85m eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/18/45 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/18/46

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/19 2022-01-21T14:40:08Z engrxiv:PRE

Generation of Oracle Components from Message Sequence Charts Mondal, Amit Kumar automata engrxiv message sequence chart MSC oracle oracle component preprint state automata state machine Engineering Archive 2016-08-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/19 10.31224/osf.io/d5fmx eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/19/47 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/19/48

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/20 2022-01-21T14:40:16Z engrxiv:PRE

Design, simulation, and testing of a novel micro-channel heat exchanger for natural gas cooling in automotive applications Deng, Yibin Menon, Shyam Lavrich, Zoe Wang, Hailei Hagen, Christopher CFD engrxiv heat transfer micro-channel heat exchanger natural gas Preprint R-134a Micro-channel heat exchangers offer potential for a highly compact solution in heat transfer applications that have space limitations. Mobile applications such as automotive vehicles are one such area. This work presents the design, modeling, simulation and testing of a two-region micro-channel heat exchanger, employing both engine coolant and R134a, for use in an engine that compresses natural gas for on-board refueling at pressures up to 250 bar. The novel design of the micro-channel heat exchanger is presented. Numerical simulations were performed using ANSYS Fluent utilizing extrapolation techniques to estimate the pressure drop as a function of flow rate and symmetry methods to investigate heat transfer. Pressure drop was determined experimentally, and heat transfer was investigated through system tests employing the novel engine. Experimental results showed good comparison with corresponding numerical simulations which demonstrated the validity of the applied extrapolation and symmetry methods, enabling considerable reduction in computational cost. The pressure drop, flow distribution, and heat transfer characteristics of the heat exchanger are discussed. Engineering Archive 2016-08-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/20 10.31224/osf.io/jw8n9 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/20/49 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/20/50

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/21 2022-01-21T14:40:25Z engrxiv:PRE

A novel fuel performance index for low-temperature combustion engines based on operating envelopes in light-duty driving cycle simulations Niemeyer, Kyle Evan Daly, Shane Cannella, William Hagen, Christopher engrxiv Preprint Low-temperature combustion (LTC) engine concepts such as homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) offer the potential of improved efficiency and reduced emissions of nitrogen oxide (NOx) and particulates. However, engines can only successfully operate in HCCI mode for limited operating ranges that vary depending on the fuel composition. Unfortunately, traditional ratings such as octane number (ON) poorly predict the auto-ignition behavior of fuels in such engine modes, and metrics recently proposed for HCCI engines have areas of improvement when wide ranges of fuels are considered. In this study, a new index for ranking fuel suitability for LTC engines was defined, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the federal test procedure (FTP-75) light-duty vehicle driving cycle. Driving cycle simulations were performed using a typical light-duty passenger vehicle, providing pairs of engine speed and load points. Separately, single-zone naturally aspirated HCCI engine simulations were performed for a variety of fuels in order to determine the operating envelopes for each. These results were combined to determine the varying improvement in fuel economy offered by fuels, forming the basis for a fuel performance index. Results showed that, in general, lower octane fuels performed better, resulting in higher LTC fuel index values; however, ON alone did not predict fuel performance. Engineering Archive 2016-08-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/21 10.31224/osf.io/zd9tc eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/21/51 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/21/52

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/22 2022-01-21T14:40:35Z engrxiv:PRE

Investigation of the LTC fuel performance index for oxygenated reference fuel blends Niemeyer, Kyle Evan Daly, Shane Cannella, William Hagen, Christopher engrxiv Preprint A new metric for ranking the suitability of fuels in LTC engines was recently introduced, based on the fraction of potential fuel savings achieved in the FTP-75 light-duty vehicle driving cycle. In the current study, this LTC fuel performance index was calculated computationally and analyzed for a number of fuel blends comprised of n-heptane, isooctane, toluene, and ethanol in various combinations and ratios corresponding to octane numbers from 0 to 100. In order to calculate the LTC index for each fuel, computational driving cycle simulations were first performed using a typical light-duty passenger vehicle, providing pairs of engine speed and load points. Separately, for each fuel blend considered, single-zone naturally aspirated HCCI engine simulations with a compression ratio of 9.5 were performed in order to determine the operating envelopes. These results were combined to determine the varying improvement in fuel economy offered by fuels, forming the basis for the LTC fuel index. The resulting fuel performance indices ranged from 36.4 for neat n-heptane (PRF0) to 9.20 for a three-component blend of n-heptane, isooctane, and ethanol (ERF1). For the chosen engine and chosen conditions, in general lower-octane fuels performed better, resulting in higher LTC fuel index values; however, the fuel performance index correlated poorly with octane rating for less-reactive, higher-octane fuels. Engineering Archive 2016-08-29 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/22 10.31224/osf.io/f9tm8 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/22/53 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/22/54

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/23 2022-01-21T14:40:44Z engrxiv:PRE

Detailed effects of a diesel particulate filter on the reduction of chemical species emissions Berg, Devin R. diesel engines diesel particulate filter emissions engrxiv speciation Diesel particulate filters are designed to reduce the mass emissions of diesel particulate matter and have been proven to be effective in this respect. Not much is known, however, about their effects on other unregulated chemical species. This study utilized source dilution sampling techniques to evaluate the effects of a catalyzed diesel particulate filter on a wide spectrum of chemical emissions from a heavy-duty diesel engine. The species analyzed included both criteria and unregulated compounds such as particulate matter (PM), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), inorganic ions, trace metallic compounds, elemental and organic carbon (EC and OC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and other organic compounds. Results showed a significant reduction for the emissions of PM mass, CO, HC, metals, EC, OC, and PAHs. Engineering Archive 2016-08-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/23 10.31224/osf.io/s47fh eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/23/55 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/23/56

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/24 2022-01-21T14:40:52Z engrxiv:PRE

Design of an Optoelectronic State Machine with integrated BDD based Optical logic Coggins, Macauley engrxiv preprint In this paper I demonstrate a novel design for an optoelectronic State Machine which replaces input/output forming logic found in conventional state machines with BDD based optical logic while still using solid state memory in the form of flip-flops in order to store states. This type of logic makes use of waveguides and ring resonators to create binary switches. These switches in turn can be used to create combinational logic which can be used as input/output forming logic for a state machine. Replacing conventional combinational logic with BDD based optical logic allows for a faster range of state machines that can certainly outperform conventional state machines as propagation delays within the logic described are in the order of picoseconds as opposed to nanoseconds in digital logic. Engineering Archive 2016-09-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/24 10.31224/osf.io/ucjdv eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/24/57 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/24/58

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/25 2022-01-21T14:41:00Z engrxiv:PRE

On-line liquid quench sampling and UV-Vis spectroscopy for tar measurements in wood gasification process gases Edinger, Philip Analytics Biomass Chemical Engineering engrxiv Gasification Tar In biomass gasification processes, the formation and handling of tars are of major concern. Robust and versatile analytical tools are needed to on-line monitor tar compound concentrations in process gases from lab- to industrial scale. This study addresses the development and application of an on-line UV-Vis method, based on a liquid quench sampling system. The high sensitivity of this method allows to detect UV-Vis active tar compounds in the low ppmv region. Recorded spectra from the liquid phase were analyzed for their tar composition by means of a classical least squares (CLS) and partial least squares (PLS) approach. The developed method was applied to two case studies, involving a lab-scale tar reformer and a pilot-scale gas scrubber. Quantification results in gases with limited complexity in tar composition showed good agreement with off-line reference methods (GC-FID). The case studies show that the developed method is a rapid, sensitive tool that can be applied for qualitative process monitoring with the added benefit of quantification in gases with a limited number of tar compounds. Engineering Archive 2016-09-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/25 10.31224/osf.io/kcm4e eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/25/59 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/25/60

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/26 2022-01-21T14:41:08Z engrxiv:PRE

On the Importance of 3D, Geometrically Accurate, and Subject-Specific Finite Element Analysis for Evaluation of in-Vivo Soft Tissue Loads Moerman, Kevin Mattheus van Vijven, Marc Solis, Leandro R. van Haaften, Eline E. Loenen, Arjan C.Y. Mushahwar, Vivian K. Oomens, Cees W.J. engrxiv Preprint Pressure ulcers are a type of local soft tissue injury due to sustained mechanical loading and remain a common issue in patient care. People with spinal cord injury (SCI) are especially at risk of pressure ulcers due to impaired mobility and sensory perception. The development of load improving support structures relies on realistic tissue load evaluation e.g. using finite element analysis (FEA). FEA requires realistic subject-specific mechanical properties and geometries. This study focuses on the effect of geometry. MRI is used for the creation of geometrically accurate models of the human buttock for three able-bodied volunteers and three volunteers with SCI. The effect of geometry on observed internal tissue deformations for each subject is studied by comparing FEA findings for equivalent loading conditions. The large variations found between subjects confirms the importance of subject-specific FEA. Engineering Archive 2016-09-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/26 10.31224/osf.io/hmv6e eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/26/61 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/26/62

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/27 2022-01-21T14:41:18Z engrxiv:PRE

Boost Converter with Harvest Regulator Provides High-Efficiency Power Compression for Bio-Hybrid Fuel Cells and Other Weak Energy Sources Mackie, David M. engrxiv Preprint Applications for bio-hybrid fuel cells (BHFCs) and other weak energy sources would greatly benefit from highly-efficient power compression that substantially increased the voltage and also allowed intermittent draws of high current. The assumption of a weak energy source necessitates also minimizing parasitic energy draws. We present results for a power compressor composed of a boost converter (variable voltage upconversion), a harvest regulator (matching impedances on the fly), and a bank of low-leakage capacitors (high current draw for short times). The power compressor was not externally powered. Performance was evaluated while connected to two direct ethanol fuel cells (DEFCs) in series, for periods of 3 and 10 days. The DEFCs' design was not optimized for power. They were non-flowing, room-temperature, air-cathode, PtRu/Pt units, which simulated the output of small BHFCs. The power compressor automatically kept the DEFCs close to the voltage yielding maximum power output, which was 400 mV for two DEFCs in series. The output voltage of the capacitor bank was repeatedly raised to 10.25 V and then discharged to 5 V through a resistor. Energy efficiency of the power compressor was uniformly 50%, except for very weak input power. Engineering Archive 2016-09-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/27 10.31224/osf.io/tbpju eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/27/63 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/27/64

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/28 2022-01-21T14:41:28Z engrxiv:PRE

Short-Term Load Forecasting of Active and Reactive Powers in Small Scales using LASSO-Integrated Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Networks Zhang, Guanchen ANN engrxiv LASSO NARX-NN preprint STLF Short-term load forecasting (STLF) is important for power system planning and optimization, especially in the dynamic environment of smart grid. Traditional load forecasting is implemented at substation levels to predict the upcoming active power and optimal system settings. In more advanced smart grid applications, e.g. the Volt-VAR Control, small-scale load forecasting opens up new opportunities in coordinating distributed resources such as distributed generation (DG) with utilities' efficiency missions. This paper proposes a STLF approach for small residential blocks with 10-12 households. The Nonlinear Autoregressive Neural Network (NAR-NN) is employed to predict hour-ahead active (P) and reactive (Q) powers with a moving window of training data. The regressor shrinkage technique, LASSO, is used to improve the selection of the regressors in the NAR-NN model by removing insignificant input features. The results show the forecasting performance could be enhanced by ~20% comparing to feed-forward Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs). The improvement in forecasting both P & Q could accommodate new smart grid applications in small scales. Engineering Archive 2016-10-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/28 10.31224/osf.io/v2gj9 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/28/65 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/28/66

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/29 2022-01-21T14:41:38Z engrxiv:PRE

Low-cost methodology for skin strain measurement of a flexed biological limb Lin, Bevin Moerman, Kevin Mattheus McMahan, Connor Pasch, Kenneth Herr, Hugh engrxiv Preprint *Objective:* The purpose of this manuscript is to compute skin strain data from a flexed biological limb, using portable, inexpensive, and easily-available resources. *Methods:* We apply and evaluate this approach on a person with bi-lateral transtibial amputations, imaging left and right residual limbs in extended and flexed knee postures. We map 3D deformations to a flexed biological limb using freeware and a simple point-and-shoot camera. Mean principal strain, maximum shear strain, as well as lines of maximum, minimum, and non-extension are computed from 3D digital models to inform directional mappings of the strain field for an unloaded residual limb. *Results:* Peak tensile strains are ~ 0.3 on the anterior surface of the knee in the proximal region of the patella, whereas peak compressive strains are ~ -0.5 on the posterior surface of the knee. Peak maximum shear strains are ~ 0.3 on the posterior surface of the knee. The accuracy and precision of this methodology are assessed for a ground truth model. The mean point location distance is found to be 0.08 cm, and the overall standard deviation for point location difference vectors is 0.05 cm. *Conclusion:* This low-cost and mobile methodology may prove critical for applications such as the prosthetic socket interface where whole-limb skin strain data are required from patients in the field outside of traditional, large-scale clinical centers. *Significance:* Such data may inform the design of wearable technologies that directly interface with human skin. Engineering Archive 2016-11-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/29 10.31224/osf.io/utnnu eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/29/67 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/29/68 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/30 2022-01-21T14:41:47Z engrxiv:PRE

Automatic Page-Turning Mechanism with Near-Field Electroadhesive Force for Linearly Correctable Imaging Lee, Junseok engrxiv Preprint Recently, demand for digitization of books has increased in tandem with the spread of portable devices for electronic books. However, in a number of invented book-scanning devices, pages are turned manually by users, or pricey three-dimensional cameras are needed for image correction. Our automatic page-turning mechanism employs near-field electroadhesive force to turn a single page. As the near-field electroadhesive force on the closest sheet of paper is far stronger than that on the second, only a single sheet of paper can be lifted. Using Fourier series expansion, we prove that regardless of the geometrical configuration of electrodes, the force ratio on the closest to the second is dominantly controlled by the period of the configuration. Based on this, a novel electrode configuration is designed aiming to give higher force ratio than the conventional interdigital patterns. The advantage of our mechanism in image processing is that perspective correction is compatible with our mechanism, hence not requiring devices for acquiring 3-D information to reconstruct images. Our automatic page-turning mechanism with a fair success rate and the reduced number of components shows that it is a promising method for automatic low-cost book-scanning devices. Engineering Archive 2016-12-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/30 10.31224/osf.io/gq8ta eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/30/69 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/30/70

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/31 2022-01-21T14:41:57Z engrxiv:PRE

Engenharia de Reabilitação: Mão Antropomórfica Controlada por Sinais Eletromiográficos Suzart, Gerson Jorge S. Rehabilitation Engineering. Prosthesis. Prototypes. Electromyography This article proposes to initiate studies to create a robotic device for people with hand amputation, to a certain degree of the upper limb at the level of the elbow, controlled by muscle stimuli captured by electromyographic sensors. The main objective of this study was to collect the characteristics of the EMG signals for pre stipulated movements, recognizing the patterns of these movements by Artificial Neural Network, to develop a prosthetic model that intentionally involves the anthropomorphism of the hand, with respect to functional, that is, able to move So that if similar or close to the human hand. Engineering Archive 2016-12-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/31 10.31224/osf.io/y2x28 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/31/71 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/31/72 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/32 2022-01-21T14:42:07Z engrxiv:PRE

A new method to simulate acidic gas sweetening on a laboratory scale Murison, Julie In this article, a new testing equipment and protocol in order to evaluate acid gas scavengers for direct chemical injection into gas pipelines is described. The testing protocol address several shortcomings in previous accepted tests which did not take into account the formation of a spray of the product, or tested the product in its final formulation. Engineering Archive 2016-12-13 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/32 10.31224/osf.io/63nq7 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/32/73 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/32/74 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/33 2022-01-21T14:42:15Z engrxiv:PRE

Algorithmic Manifold and Application to P versus NP Problem Yabu, Takuya algorithm algorithmic manifold differential geometry geometry manifold P versus NP Riemannian manifold topology About P versus NP problem, it has been studied for long time. Recent literature has shown that the existing proof method using the diagonal argument or the circuit complexity is not effective. On the other hand, as another approach, calculation of time complexity based on the geometric method is also performed, but it is limited to the quantum algorithm, and it is an application example to the existing method of lower band derivation of quantum circuit complexity, it is essentially unchanged. 　In this paper, I introduce algorithmic manifolds that explain algorithms by geometric method and show that they are topologically homogeneous with respect to P versus NP problem. And I will also discuss polynomial-time reduction method of NP problem for class P. Engineering Archive 2016-12-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/33 10.31224/osf.io/4z4xw eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/33/87 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/33/88 Copyright (c) 2016 Takuya Yabu

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/34 2022-01-21T14:42:44Z engrxiv:PRE

Experimental Analysis of Surgical Tool Force Requirements Berg, Devin R. force analysis surgery surgical robotics surgical tools suture Through the use of a cadaveric porcine model, forces necessary for manipulation of the abdominal organs were evaluated using an instrumented probe. Additionally, forces for tissue puncture, knot tightening, and suture breakage have been measured in order to determine the requirements placed upon the design of novel robotic surgical tools. The break forces for a variety of suture sizes and types were evaluated including sizes 3-0 through 7-0 polypropylene, size 1 polybutestor, size 4-0 chromic gut, and size 6-0 braided polyester. Tests of the tissue puncture force and knot tightening forces were carried out using the same instrumented probe, while the suture break forces were measured using a tension testing machine. The measured forces were found to compare well against the literature and provide a good basis from which to design robotic surgical tools with the appropriate capabilities. Engineering Archive 2016-12-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/34 10.31224/osf.io/3xew7 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/34/89 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/34/90 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/35 2022-01-21T14:42:56Z engrxiv:PRE

Intrusion Detection System for Applications using Linux Containers Abed, Amr Anomaly detection Intrusion detection Linux Container Security Security in cloud computing System call monitoring Linux containers are gaining increasing traction in both individual and industrial use, and as these containers get integrated into mission-critical systems, real-time detection of malicious cyber attacks becomes a critical operational requirement. This paper introduces a real-time host-based intrusion detection system that can be used to passively detect malfeasance against applications within Linux containers running in a standalone or in a cloud multi-tenancy environment. The demonstrated intrusion detection system uses bags of system calls monitored from the host kernel for learning the behavior of an application running within a Linux container and determining anomalous container behavior. Performance of the approach using a database application was measured and results are discussed. Engineering Archive 2016-12-31 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/35 10.31224/osf.io/5uyac eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/35/91 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/35/92 Copyright (c) 2015 Springer International Publishing Switzerland

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/36 2022-01-21T14:43:05Z engrxiv:PRE

Global Engineering Projects from the Young African Leaders Initiative Lacksonen, Tom Springer, Scott Berg, Devin R. domestic internationalization global global design project humanitarian engineering In this paper several projects that integrate globalization issues into undergraduate engineering and technology coursework are discussed. The Mandela Washington Fellowship for Young African Leaders brings African entrepreneurs to United States campuses for six weeks every summer, providing an excellent opportunity to identify potential clients for global engineering class projects. Many of the fellows could benefit from having access to engineering skills to grow their businesses. The university’s engineering faculty partnered with fellows on projects in freshman Impacts of Engineering, junior Lean Manufacturing, and senior Capstone Design classes. Projects have included conceptual product design, detailed product design, process selection, manufacturing equipment design, and facilities design. Several engineering and technology majors have participated in the projects. The highlight is a micro-hydroelectric generator design project spanning several classes and semesters. The projects are similar to traditional class projects and cover all existing course objectives. Students are also required to research and apply international standards, including product, safety and facility standards. Students also must consider the appropriate level of technology, humanitarian engineering aspects, and societal impact of the design. Assessment of the international component of one project allows programs to evaluate performance indicators on the global and societal impact of designs as part of ABET Outcome H assessment. The projects are also part of a larger humanitarian engineering initiative at the institution, and are assessed through surveys for that initiative. Submitted to the 2017 ASEE Annual Conference Engineering Archive 2017-01-27 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/36 10.31224/osf.io/zrx9s eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/36/95 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/36/96 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/37 2022-01-21T14:43:17Z engrxiv:PRE

Open Research, Open Engineering, and the Role of the University in Society Berg, Devin R. engineering OpenEngineering society TomorrowsUni This is a white paper submitted as part of the joint NIH/NSF-funded event, "Imagining Tomorrow’s University: Rethinking scholarship, education, and institutions for an open, networked era", to be held March 8th and 9th in Rosemont, IL. In this paper I present my personal (not my employer's) thoughts and reflections on the role that open research can play in defining the purpose and activities of the university. I have made some specific recommendations on how I believe the public university can recommit and push the boundaries of its role as the creator and promoter of public knowledge. In doing so, serving a vital role to the continued economic, social, and technological development of society. I have also included some thoughts on how this applies specifically to my field of engineering and how a culture of openness and sharing within the engineering community can help drive societal development. Engineering Archive 2017-02-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/37 10.31224/osf.io/f83n3 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/37/97 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/37/98 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/38 2022-01-21T14:43:27Z engrxiv:PRE

Open science and the future university researcher Niemeyer, Kyle Evan Open access Open data Open research software Open science Reproducibility TomorrowsUni This white paper was written as a contribution to the “Imagining Tomorrow’s University: Rethinking scholarship, education, and institu- tions for an open, networked era” workshop, a joint NIH/NSF-funded event held 8–9 March 2017 in Rosemont, IL. In this paper, I present an overview of what I consider open science, its importance, and how it plays a role in my research agenda. I also discuss challenges faced in pursuing research openness, and recommend changes to university leaders to address these barriers. Engineering Archive 2017-02-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/38 10.31224/osf.io/2zcj3 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/38/99 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/38/100 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/39 2022-01-21T14:43:37Z engrxiv:PRE

Exploring, Documenting, and Improving Humanitarian Service Learning through Engineers Without Borders USA Lee, Tina Berg, Devin R. Buchanan, Elizabeth engineering education engineers without borders humanitarian engineering service learning Exploring, Documenting, and Improving Humanitarian Service Learning through Engineers without Borders-USA is a four-year project exploring a variety of challenges and opportunities in university-based service learning programs. Specifically, this project looks holistically at the inception and evolution of a new Engineers Without Borders USA chapter, while analyzing characteristics, values, and demographics of individuals involved in EWB community-based humanitarian projects in multiple chapters. Further, it examines the social, cultural, and professional interactions and exchanges between and among EWB members and community stakeholders in EWB projects, examining several projects from a variety of chapters across the country. Engineering Archive 2017-02-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/39 10.31224/osf.io/6r94n eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/39/103 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/39/104 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/40 2022-01-21T14:43:48Z engrxiv:PRE

Assistive Technology for Freshmen Design and K-12 Outreach Berg, Devin R. Wigdahl, Matthew Collins, Charis D. assistive technology collaborative design design engineering education K12 outreach This Work in Progress paper presents on the design of project-based learning approach focused on assistive technology as applied in a freshmen level engineering course which also integrates outreach with the local K12 system. The university course targets general education topics as well as an introductory engineering design experience and includes content on the engineering design process, societal implications of engineering design, and a participatory lab-based design project. A partnering class of 5th graders from a local elementary school made use of a daily block of time set aside for academic interventions and individual project-based work to collaborate with the university class. A qualitative assessment was conducted and has thus far has revealed that the university students found the assistive technology theme of the semester-long design project to be meaningful. For the K12 students, the survey results and anecdotal observations suggest that we were only moderately successful in constructing a meaningful and purposeful design experience, from their perspective. Engineering Archive 2017-02-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/40 10.31224/osf.io/pdzss eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/40/105 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/40/106 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/41 2022-01-21T14:43:58Z engrxiv:PRE

Effects of oil and water contamination on natural gas engine combustion processes Menon, Shyam Ganti, Himakar Niemeyer, Kyle Evan Hagen, Christopher bimodal engine internal combustion engine natural gas onboard refueling Abundant availability and potential for lower emissions are drivers for increased utilization of natural gas in automotive engines for transportation applications. A novel bimodal engine has been developed that allows on-board refueling of natural gas by utilizing the engine as a compressor. Engine compression however, results in altering the initial state of the natural gas. Increase in temperature and addition of oil are two key effects attributed to the onboard refueling process. A secondary effect is the presence of water in the natural gas supply line. This study investigates the effect of upstream conditions of natural gas on three parameters: autoignition temperature, ignition delay, and laminar flame speed. These parameters play key roles in the engine combustion process. Parametric studies are conducted by varying the initial mixture temperature, water, and oil content in the fuel. The studies utilize numerical simulations conducted with detailed chemistry for natural gas with n-heptane used as a surrogate for oil. Water addition to natural gas at 1–5% by volume did not result in any major changes in the combustion processes, other than a slight reduction in laminar flame speeds. Oil addition of 1–5% by volume reduced autoignition temperature by 5–10% and ignition delay by 27–95% depending on the initial temperature. Sensitivity analysis showed that this was likely due to decrease in the sensitivity of two recombination reactions with oil addition. Evolution profiles of key radical species also showed increasing mole fraction of the hydroperoxy radical at lower temperature that likely aids in reducing the ignition delay. Oil addition resulted in a relatively small increase in the laminar flame speed of 1.7% along with an increase in the adiabatic flame temperature. These results help inform the combustion process and performance to be expected from the bimodal engine. Engineering Archive 2017-02-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/41 10.31224/osf.io/h5dru eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/41/107 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/41/108 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/42 2022-01-21T14:44:07Z engrxiv:PRE

Verified type-checker for Jolie Akentev, Evgenii Tchitchigin, Alexander Safina, Larisa Mazzara, Manuel Jolie is a service-oriented programming language which comes with the formal speci cation of its type system. However, there is no tool to ensure that programs in Jolie are well-typed. In this paper we provide the results of building a type checker for Jolie as a part of its syntax and semantics formal model. We ex- press the type checker as a program with dependent types in Agda proof assistant which helps to ascertain that the type checker is correct. Engineering Archive 2017-03-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/42 10.31224/osf.io/3hv82 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/42/109 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/42/110 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/43 2022-01-21T14:44:16Z engrxiv:PRE

Fundamentals of Low-Pressure Nanofiltration: Membrane Characterization, Modeling, and Understanding the Multi-Ionic Interactions in Water Softening Labban, Omar characterization layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition low-pressure softening nanofiltration negative rejection seawater solute transport and partitioning Recently, a novel class of low-pressure nanofiltration (NF) hollow fiber membranes, particularly suited for water softening and desalination pretreatment have been fabricated in-house using layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition with chemical crosslinking. These membranes can operate at exceedingly low pressures (2 bar), while maintaining relatively high rejections of multivalent ions. In spite of their great potential, our understanding as to what makes them superior has been limited, demanding further investigation before any large-scale implementation can be realized. In this study, the Donnan-Steric Pore Model with dielectric exclusion (DSPM-DE) is applied for the first time to these membranes to describe the membrane separation performance, and to explain the observed rejection trends, including negative rejection, and their underlying multi-ionic interactions. Experiments were conducted on a spectrum of feed chemistries, ranging from uncharged solutes to single salts, salt mixtures, and artificial seawater to characterize the membrane and accurately predict its performance. Modeling results were validated with experiments, and then used to elucidate the working principles that underlie the low-pressure softening process. An approach based on sensitivity analysis shows that the membrane pore dielectric constant, followed by the pore size, are primarily responsible for the selectively high rejections of the NF membranes to multivalent ions. Surprisingly, the softening process is found to be less sensitive to changes in membrane charge density. Our findings demonstrate that the unique ability of these membranes to exclusively separate multivalent ions from the solution, while allowing monovalent ions to permeate, is key to making this low-pressure softening process realizable. Engineering Archive 2017-04-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/43 10.31224/osf.io/958tq eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/43/111 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/43/112 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/44 2022-01-21T14:44:27Z engrxiv:PRE

X-57 Power and Command System Design Clarke, Sean Redifer, Matthew Papathakis, Kurt Samuel, Aamod Foster, Trevor aircraft propulsion and power Armstrong Flight Research Center electric propulsion experimental aircraft failure modes and effects analysis NASA x-plane This paper describes the power and command system architecture of the X‑57 Maxwell flight demonstrator aircraft. The X-57 is an experimental aircraft designed to demonstrate radically improved aircraft efficiency with a 3.5 times aero-propulsive efficiency gain at a “high‑speed cruise” flight condition for comparable general aviation aircraft. These gains are enabled by integrating the design of a new, optimized wing and a new electric propulsion system. As a result, the X‑57 vehicle takes advantage of the new capabilities afforded by electric motors as primary propulsors. Integrating new technologies into critical systems in experimental aircraft poses unique challenges that require careful design considerations across the entire vehicle system, such as qualification of new propulsors (motors, in the case of the X-57 aircraft), compatibility of existing systems with a new electric power distribution bus, and instrumentation and monitoring of newly qualified propulsion system devices. Engineering Archive 2017-04-06 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/44 10.31224/osf.io/wepn7 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/44/115 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/44/116 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/45 2022-01-21T14:44:43Z engrxiv:PRE

Toward 3D printed hydrogen storage materials made with ABS-MOF composites Channell, Megan N. Sefa, Makfir Fedchak, James A. Scherschligt, Julia Miller, Abigail E. Ahmed, Zeeshan Hartings, Matthew R 3D Printing Composite Hydrogen Storage Metal-organic framework MOF The push to advance efficient, renewable, and clean energy sources has brought with it an effort to generate materials that are capable of storing hydrogen. Metal-organic framework materials (MOFs) have been the focus of many such studies as they are categorized for their large internal surface areas. We have addressed one of the major shortcomings of MOFs (their processibility) by creating and 3D printing a composite of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) and MOF-5, a prototypical MOF, which is often used to benchmark H2 uptake capacity of other MOFs. The ABS-MOF-5 composites can be printed at MOF-5 compositions of 10% and below. Other physical and mechanical properties of the polymer (glass transition temperature, stress and strain at the breaking point, and Young’s modulus) either remain unchanged or show some degree of hardening due to the interaction between the polymer and the MOF. We do observe some MOF-5 degradation through the blending process, likely due to the ambient humidity through the purification and solvent casting steps. Even with this degradation, the MOF still retains some of its ability to uptake H2, seen in the ability of the composite to uptake more H2 than the pure polymer. The experiments and results described here represent a significant first step toward 3D printing MOF-5-based materials for H2 storage. Engineering Archive 2017-04-07 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/45 10.31224/osf.io/4utb2 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/45/117 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/45/118 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/46 2022-01-21T14:44:55Z engrxiv:PRE

Matching Media Contents with User Profiles by means of the Dempster-Shafer Theory Troiano, Luigi Diaz, Irene Gaglione, Ciro Content Discovery Dempster-Shafer Theory Recommender Systems The media industry is increasingly personalizing the offering of contents in attempt to better target the audience. This requires to analyze the relationships that goes established between users and content they enjoy, looking at one side to the content characteristics and on the other to the user profile, in order to find the best match between the two. In this paper we suggest to build that relationship using the Dempster-Shafer's Theory of Evidence, proposing a reference model and illustrating its properties by means of a toy example. Finally we suggest possible applications of the model for tasks that are common in the modern media industry. Engineering Archive 2017-04-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/46 10.31224/osf.io/d3bxp eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/46/119 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/46/120 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/47 2022-01-21T14:45:04Z engrxiv:PRE

Feedback-Capacity of Degraded Gaussian Vector BC using Directed Information and Concave Envelopes Ramachandran, Viswanathan It is known that the capacity region of a two user physically degraded discrete memoryless (DM) broadcast channel (BC) is not enlarged by feedback. An identical result holds true for a physically degraded Gaussian BC, established later using a variant of the Entropy Power Inequality (EPI). In this paper, we extend the latter result to a physically degraded Gaussian Vector BC (PD-GVBC). However, the extension is not EPI based, but employs a recent result on the factorization of concave envelopes. While the existing concave envelope factorization results do not hold in the presence of feedback, we show that factorizing the corresponding directed information quantities suffice to attain the feedback capacity region of a PD-GVBC. Our work demonstrates that factorizing concave envelopes of directed information can handle situations involving feedback. We further show that the capacity region of a discrete memoryless reversely physically degraded BC is not enlarged by feedback. Engineering Archive 2017-04-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/47 10.31224/osf.io/aze4p eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/47/121 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/47/122 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/48 2022-01-21T14:45:13Z engrxiv:PRE

On the mechanism of protein-templated gold nanoparticle synthesis: Protein organization, controlled gold sequestration, and unexpected reaction products. Hart, Cassidy Abuladel, Nouf Bee, Madeleine Y. Channell, Megan N. CVitan, Alexander Esson, Moira Farag, Andrew Ibeh, Trisha Kalivas, Eleni Larco, Daniel Long, Andrew Lymperopoulos, Loukas Mendel, Zachary Miles, Nancy Montanero, Carly Schwabacher, James Ciro Slucher, Helen Vinals, Javier Heddleston, John Fox, Doug Hartings, Matthew R Biotemplating Gold Nanoparticle Green Nanoparticle Synthesis Mechanism Nanoparticle Protein Emerging applications that exploit the properties of nanoparticles for biotechnology require that the nanoparticles be biocompatible or support biological recognition. These types of particles can be produced through syntheses that involve biologically relevant molecules (proteins or natural extracts, for example). Many of the protocols that rely on these molecules are performed without a clear understanding of the mechanism by which the materials are produced. We describe a single-pot reaction in which protein-templated gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) are produced as either solution-suspended colloids or as colloids formed within a solid, fibrous protein structure. We have investigated the mechanism for this process by detailing the reaction kinetics and outcomes through the use of 7 different proteins over a range of concentrations and temperatures. The key factor that controls the synthetic outcome (colloid or fiber) is the concentration of the protein relative to the gold concentration. We find that the observed fibrous structures are more likely to form at low protein concentrations and when hydrophilic proteins are used. An analysis of the reaction kinetics shows that AuNP formation occurs faster at lower protein (fiber-forming) concentrations than at higher protein (colloid-forming) concentrations. These results contradict expectations for reaction kinetics and protein-fiber formation, highlighting the need for a better understanding of the mechanism by which biomolecules can facilitate nanoparticle synthesis. As the protein properties that influence this mechanism are better recognized, researchers will be able to better utilize proteins to generate geometry-controlled AuNPs. Engineering Archive 2017-04-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/48 10.31224/osf.io/k736s eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/48/123 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/48/124 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/49 2022-01-21T14:45:26Z engrxiv:PRE

Materials and Corrosion Trends in Offshore and Subsea Oil and Gas Production Iannuzzi, Mariano Barnoush, Afrooz Johnsen, Roy corrosion corrosion resistant alloys hydrogen embrittlement hydrogent stress cracking low alloy steels nanoindentation oil and gas sulfide stress cracking The ever-growing energy demand requires the exploration and the safe, profitable exploitation of unconventional reserves. The extreme environments of some of these unique prospects challenge the boundaries of traditional engineering alloys as well as our understanding of the underlying degradation mechanisms that could lead to a failure. Despite their complexity, high-pressure and high-temperature, deep- and ultra-deep, pre-salt, and Arctic reservoirs represent the most important source of innovation regarding materials technology, design methodologies, and corrosion control strategies. This paper provides an overview of trends in materials and corrosion research and development, with focus on subsea production but applicable to the entire industry. Emphasis is given to environmentally assisted cracking of high strength alloys and advanced characterization techniques based on in situ electrochemical nanoindentation and cantilever bending testing for the study of microstructure-environment interactions. Engineering Archive 2017-04-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/49 10.31224/osf.io/qj65n eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/49/125 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/49/126 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/50 2022-01-21T14:45:37Z engrxiv:PRE

PIll Dispenser Alert System arambula, marco A pill dispensing system that has an annoying alarm to make sure the user has to get up to take their pills Engineering Archive 2017-05-01 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/msword https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/50 10.31224/osf.io/ahytm eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/50/127 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/50/128 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/51 2022-01-21T14:45:45Z engrxiv:PRE

Final Report on The Simon Project Nelson, Matthew Knaak, Tony Domeier, Ryan Meyer, Marcus Maeder, Collin Simon game that will help people with muscular disability. have more fun doing there daily muscle workout by playing a game instead of doing something very repetitive. our game is more unique then a normal Simon game as you can put the buttons which are on stands that you can put anywhere. Engineering Archive 2017-05-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/51 10.31224/osf.io/teky2 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/51/129 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/51/130 Copyright (c) 2017 Matthew Nelson; Tony Knaak; Collin Maeder; Ryan Domeier; and Marcus Meyer

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/52 2022-01-21T14:45:55Z engrxiv:PRE

Internal Lighting Alarm System for the Hearing Impaired Saly, Elizabeth M Kleinschmidt, Jennifer Vang, Yang Mattoon, Connor Leebens, Nicholas assistive technology etech100 Those who are hard of hearing face challenges in their daily lives in answering audio alarms around them. The most common technologies for those with hearing disabilities are products that provide stimulus to the remaining senses to gain the user's attention and convey outside stimuli. The main problem with most of these available lighting technologies is that they usually indicate only specific stimuli such as a knock and only in one space such as the front door. Our technology seeks to bridge that gap between in-home alarms in appliances, like Microwave timers, and the lack of assistive technology available for those who are hard of hearing. Engineering Archive 2017-05-02 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/52 10.31224/osf.io/qcdf3 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/52/131 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/52/132 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/53 2022-01-21T14:46:04Z engrxiv:PRE

Mechanical arm final paper Johnson, Elliott Arduino arm claw mechanical Muscular dystrophy servo Muscular dystrophy is a disease that debilitates the muscle function of those afflicted with the disease. While it is a terminal condition, the early stages still prove to be a struggle. By weakening grip, strength, and reach, early muscular dystrophy makes it difficult for those with the disease to do everyday tasks. Our project is a solves these problems by giving those with muscular dystrophy a lightweight arm with a claw that opens and closes with a switch. This gives them an extended reach and relatively strong grip while minimizing strain on their arms. Engineering Archive 2017-05-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/53 10.31224/osf.io/pmh9u eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/53/133 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/53/134 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/54 2022-01-21T14:46:13Z engrxiv:PRE

Oscar Anderson, Jessica plant water Our idea is an invention that keeps a plant watered for people who are forgetful, who are away from home a lot, or for plants that require specific amounts of water. Engineering Archive 2017-05-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/54 10.31224/osf.io/b4yhz eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/54/135 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/54/136 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/55 2022-01-21T14:46:22Z engrxiv:PRE

Etech final paper Pierce, Nicolas A ETECH Summary of what we did as a group for our project Engineering Archive 2017-05-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/55 10.31224/osf.io/mgn4x eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/55/137 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/55/138 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/56 2022-01-21T14:46:30Z engrxiv:PRE

Etech 100 Final Semester Project Julson, Landon Mechanical Design and assisting of those who need it most. Our design is for an individual who either has a prosthetic hand/arm or who has lost nerve feeling in their fingers. Resulting prototype, an RGB LED grip pressure feedback glove. Engineering Archive 2017-05-03 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/msword https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/56 10.31224/osf.io/4brfa eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/56/139 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/56/140 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/57 2022-01-21T14:46:39Z engrxiv:PRE

Evaluating the academic trend of RFID technology based on SCI and SSCI publications from 2001 to 2014 Ale Ebrahim, Nader Bibliometrics classification framework radio frequency identification Research Visibility Radio frequency identification (RFID) is one of the most influential technologies of the twenty-first century. Today, RFID technology is being applied in a wide array of disciplines in science research and industrial projects. The significant impact of RFID is clearly visible by the rate of academic publications in the last few years. This article surveys the literature to evaluate the trend of RFID technology development based on academic publications from 2001 to 2014. Both bibliometric and content analyses are applied to examine this topic in SCI-Index and SSCI-Index documents. Based on the bibliometric technique, all 5159 existing RFID documents are investigated and several important factors are reviewed, including contributions by country, organizations, funding agencies, journal title, authors, research area and Web of Science category. Moreover, content analysis is applied to the top 100 most cited documents and based on their contents, these top 100 documents are classified into four different categories with each category divided in several sub-categories. This research aims to identify the best source of the most cited RFID papers and to provide a comprehensive road map for the future research and development in the field of RFID technology in both academic and industrial settings. Six key findings from this review are (1) the experimental method is the most popular research methodology, (2) RFID research has been a hot area of investigation but will branch out into related subset areas, (3) South East Asia is positioned to dominate this research space, (4) the focus of research up to now has been on technical issues rather than business and management issues, (5) research on RFID application domains will spread beyond supply chain and health care to a number of different areas, and (6) more research will be related to policy issues such as security and privacy. Engineering Archive 2017-05-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/57 10.31224/osf.io/53rke eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/57/141 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/57/142 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/58 2022-01-21T14:46:48Z engrxiv:PRE

Virtual classroom project Gmeiner, Nicholas This project aims to provide students with disabilities the same in class learning experience through virtual reality technology, 360-degree video capture, and the use of Arduino units. These technologies will be combined to facilitate communication between teachers in physical classrooms with students in virtual classrooms. The goal is to provide a person who is affected by a disability (which makes it hard to be in a traditional classroom) the same benefits of a safe and interactive learning environment. Engineering Archive 2017-05-04 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/58 10.31224/osf.io/u4em9 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/58/143 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/58/144 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/59 2022-01-21T14:46:56Z engrxiv:PRE

Is sulfide stress cracking an anodic or a cathodic process? Iannuzzi, Mariano corrosion sulfide stress cracking Is sulfide stress cracking an anodic or a cathodic process? Does hydrogen play a role or is SSC controlled by anodic dissolution? Engineering Archive 2017-05-05 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/59 10.31224/osf.io/329du eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/59/145 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/59/146 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/60 2022-01-21T14:47:05Z engrxiv:PRE

Final Report Krumenauer, Carl Final Report for Impacts 100 Engineering Archive 2017-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/60 10.31224/osf.io/wka3p eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/60/147 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/60/148 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/61 2022-01-21T14:47:12Z engrxiv:PRE

ETECH-100 project Ewings, Jordan Automated blinds for limited mobility people Engineering Archive 2017-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/61 10.31224/osf.io/y5bzp eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/61/149 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/61/150 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/62 2022-01-21T14:47:20Z engrxiv:PRE

Cabinet Door Opener Block, Andrew Arduino People who are to short or are physically disabled and are not able to reach and open a cabinet door in either a kitchen or shop. Engineering Archive 2017-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/62 10.31224/osf.io/edypr eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/62/151 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/62/152 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/63 2022-01-21T14:47:27Z engrxiv:PRE

Arduino Hulk Miner, Benjamin Zaman, Hamza Watter, Matthew Yang, Alee UW-Stout ETECH-100 Course We were tasked with providing an assistive technology of some kind using Arduino technology. We settled on using a hulk action figure and connecting to an array of switches. These switches would then, once set in a certain order, make the action figure do the "hulk smash". Engineering Archive 2017-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/63 10.31224/osf.io/5g6mt eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/63/153 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/63/154 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/64 2022-01-21T14:47:36Z engrxiv:PRE

Automatic Pill Dispenser Frischmon, Tyler Daly, Aaron Renshaw, Erin College project created at the University Of Wisconsin-Stout. Engineering Archive 2017-05-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/64 10.31224/osf.io/a9xgp eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/64/155 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/64/156 Copyright (c) 2017 None

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/65 2022-01-21T14:47:44Z engrxiv:PRE

Adaptive Door Handle Tauer, Travis ETECH-100 Project. Adaptive door handle for wrist impinged patients. Engineering Archive 2017-05-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/65 10.31224/osf.io/xap7y eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/65/157 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/65/158 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/66 2022-01-21T14:47:51Z engrxiv:PRE

Grabbin' Pills Report Bunne, Cameron Johnson, Jake Juhlke, Kyle Meilahn, Richard Speikers, Zach This report is on a pill dispensing device made for our Impacts of Engineering course (Etech 100) at University of Wisconsin- Stout in Spring of 2017. Engineering Archive 2017-05-09 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/66 10.31224/osf.io/23pra eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/66/159 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/66/160 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/67 2022-01-21T14:47:59Z engrxiv:PRE

Malawi Hydro-Generator Project Yohnk, Garret Malawi Hydro Generator Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/67 10.31224/osf.io/sdfb2 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/67/161 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/67/162 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/68 2022-01-21T14:48:06Z engrxiv:PRE

Malawi Hydro Generator Chain and Sprocket Schindler, Brandon Malawi Hydro Generator Chain and Sprocket Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/68 10.31224/osf.io/7h4yq eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/68/163 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/68/164 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/69 2022-01-21T14:48:14Z engrxiv:PRE

Malawi Nano-hydro electric generator Lemke, Joshua Nano-hydro electric generator utilizing a casted aluminum pulley system Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/69 10.31224/osf.io/gjev4 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/69/165 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/69/166 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/70 2022-01-21T14:48:22Z engrxiv:PRE

Malawi Power Transfer System Bauer, Jacob This is a power transfer system created to help upgrade electrical power generation in Malawi. Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/70 10.31224/osf.io/fvsyu eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/70/167 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/70/168 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/71 2022-01-21T14:48:29Z engrxiv:PRE

ET-332 Mechanical Project Kmieciak, David This document was created to design a mechanical advantage for a pre-existing hydroelectric generator setup. Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/71 10.31224/osf.io/2s9fz eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/71/169 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/71/170 Copyright (c) 2017 David Kmieciak; Derek Hartmon; Mitch Weisser; and Abdullah Turkistani

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/72 2022-01-21T14:48:38Z engrxiv:PRE

ET-332 Project Presentation Slides Kmieciak, David These slides represent the project that we did for creating a mechanical system that would be placed onto a pre-existing hydroelectric generator system. Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.presentationml.presentation https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/72 10.31224/osf.io/h85vn eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/72/171 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/72/172 Copyright (c) 2017 David Kmieciak; Derek Hartmon; Mitch Weisser; and Abdullah Turkistani

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/73 2022-01-21T14:48:45Z engrxiv:PRE

Chain and Sprocket Hydro Generator Drive System Deering, Cole This project aims to bring power to rural towns in Malawi through the use of a micro hydro generator. Currently only about 11% of rural Malawi have electrical power access according to the world bank, sustainable energy for all database. The rugged terrain makes it ideal for hydro power. Near Hastings Mkandawire village is a small river which is diverted through plastic pipes. These pipes are plumbed downhill, this allows Hastings to increase the pressure of the water. At the bottom of the hill the water is directed at a water wheel on a shaft hooked up to a small generator. Hastings Mkandawire is the man who started the company Magnetic Power Company who is responsible for building these small generators. Hastings started by converting motor casings and other scrap materials into Nano-hydro-generators. What Hastings would like to have in his future design is sand casted key parts so generators can be mass produced. Hastings and his business want to spread access of electricity in his community and other small towns. We are going to aid in this process by helping to design a drive system that maximizes the performance measured as electrical power output for a flow of water. Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/73 10.31224/osf.io/hcj62 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/73/173 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/73/174 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/74 2022-01-21T14:48:54Z engrxiv:PRE

Malawi Drive System Harris, Matthew A Pelton wheel drive system for a hydroelectric turbine Engineering Archive 2017-05-10 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/vnd.openxmlformats-officedocument.wordprocessingml.document https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/74 10.31224/osf.io/wcb4a eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/74/175 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/74/176 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/75 2022-01-21T14:49:02Z engrxiv:PRE

Pressure Password Door Lock B, Layne Assistive Technology Impacts of Engineering Our project was to create an assistive technology device that would help someone with a disability. Our group chose to create a device that could attach to a door's dead bolt and be unlocked with a series of different amounts of pressure, Engineering Archive 2017-05-12 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/msword https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/75 10.31224/osf.io/5e6py eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/75/177 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/75/178 Copyright (c) 2017 Layne Blindauer; Jerael Eddy; Rachel Haiden

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/76 2022-01-21T14:49:09Z engrxiv:PRE

Simulation-based study of the energy requirements linked to the temperature control of micro-algae culture in outdoor photobioreactors. CAPPAI, Lorenzo d’Avray, Marie-Amélie de Ville Mdere, Ounayda Linnekoski, Juha Verdú, Eduardo Rodríguez Fernández, Eloy Chápuli Cooling microalgae culture Energy requirements Photobioreactor Simulation Solar energy Temperature control Thermal balance Outdoor microalgae photobioreactors are exposed to continuously variable weather conditions, causing permanent fluctuations of culture temperature that must be limited within a strain-dependent range. The optimization of photobioreactor performance requires to be able to predict the culture temperature evolution and related power requirements as a function of weather conditions as well as photobioreactor design. Based on this perspective, a thermal model for vertical tubular photobioreactors was proposed and validated using experimental data from industrial-scale photobioreactors. The model was then used to predict the annual amount of energy required to maintain the culture temperature within a desired range, for different reactor configurations and for several locations in the world. The use of weather databases is of major importance to choose the best location to build microalgae production facilities and to optimize influent geometrical and operating parameters, which can play wanted or unwanted roles depending on the meteorological conditions of the site. Engineering Archive 2017-05-16 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/76 10.31224/osf.io/753nx eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/76/179 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/76/180 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/77 2022-01-21T14:49:18Z engrxiv:PRE

The Effect of Heavy Working Fluids on Hydrogen Combustion Shahsavan, Martia Mack, John Hunter Argon Cycle Combustion Constant Volume Combustion Chamber Hydrogen Injection Injection Noble Gas Non-premixed Combustion Modeling The thermodynamic efficiency of internal combustion engines is dependent on the compression ratio and specific heat ratio of the working fluid. Using a mixture of oxygen and noble gases instead of air can increase the thermal efficiency due to their higher specific heat ratio. It also has advantage of eliminating NOx caused by lack of nitrogen. In this study, the three dimensional turbulent injection of hydrogen into a constant volume combustion chamber has been modeled and compared to mixtures of oxygen with nitrogen, argon and xenon. All conditions including the mass flow rate of the injected fuel, injection velocity, and initial temperature and pressure of the chamber were kept constant. The results indicate that the hydrogen jet has more penetration length in nitrogen compared to argon and xenon. However, the smaller penetration lengths lead to more complex jet shapes and larger cone angles. In combination with the higher specific heat ratio, combustion in a noble gas environment results in higher temperatures and OH radical concentrations. Furthermore, mixedness is investigated using mean spatial variation and mean scalar dissipation. Hydrogen in argon shows a better mixing rate compared to nitrogen and xenon due to higher diffusivity. Engineering Archive 2017-05-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/77 10.31224/osf.io/94s8d eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/77/181 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/77/182 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/78 2022-01-21T14:49:26Z engrxiv:PRE

Mixedness Measurement in Gaseous Jet Injection Shahsavan, Martia Mack, John Hunter Gaseous Injection Injection Jet Mixedness Scalar Dissipation Spatial Variation In turbulent non-premixed combustion applications, such as diesel and direct injection engines, the mixedness of the injected fuel with oxygen and the working fluid inside the combustion chamber is a crucial parameter since it can significantly affect the ignition behavior. In this study, a comprehensive method for investigating mixedness, defined by spatial variation and scalar dissipation, is implemented to assess the turbulent injection of hydrogen into mixture of oxygen with nitrogen, argon, and xenon. Evaluating both criteria reflects the mixture homogeneity as well as local gradients, which aids in discriminating scalar distributions with identical homogeneity and different patterns. The results indicate that replacing nitrogen with argon as the working fluid can provide more suitable ignition conditions for the hydrogen jet. Engineering Archive 2017-05-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/78 10.31224/osf.io/w5ebh eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/78/183 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/78/184 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/79 2022-01-21T14:49:35Z engrxiv:PRE

Predicting the Cetane Number of Furanic Biofuel Candidates Using an Improved Artificial Neural Network Based on Molecular Structure Kessler, Travis Sacia, Eric R. Bell, Alexis T. Mack, John Hunter artificial neural network biofuel cetane cetane number diesel furan predictive model The next generation of alternative fuels is being investigated through advanced chemical and biological production techniques for the purpose of finding suitable replacements to diesel and gasoline while lowering production costs and increasing process yields. Chemical conversion of biomass to fuels provides a plethora of pathways with a variety of fuel molecules, both novel and traditional, which may be targeted. In the search for new fuels, an initial, intuition-driven evaluation of fuel compounds with desired properties is required. Due to the high cost and significant production time needed to synthesize these materials at a scale sufficient for exhaustive testing, a predictive model would allow chemists to preemptively screen fuel properties of potentially desirable fuel candidates. Recent work has shown that predictive models, in this case artificial neural networks (ANN’s) analyzing quantitative structure property relationships (QSPR’s), can predict the cetane number (CN) of a proposed fuel molecule with relatively small error. A fuel’s CN is a measure of its ignition quality, typically defined using prescribed ASTM standards and a cetane testing engine. Alternatively, the analogous derived cetane number (DCN), obtained using an Ignition Quality Tester (IQT), is a direct measurement alternative to the CN that uses an empirical inverse relationship to the ignition delay found in the constant volume combustion chamber apparatus. DCN data points acquired using an IQT were utilized for model validation and expansion of the experimental database used in this study. The present work improves on an existing model by optimizing the model architecture along with the key learning variables of the ANN and by making the model more generalizable to a wider variety of fuel candidate types, specifically the class of furans and furan derivatives, by including specific molecules for the model to incorporate. The new molecules considered include tetrahydrofuran, 2-methylfuran, 2-methyltetrahydrofuran, 5,5'-(furan-2-ylmethylene)bis(2-methylfuran), 5,5'-((tetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methylene)bis(2-methyltetrahydrofuran), tris(5-methylfuran-2-yl)methane, and tris(5-methyltetrahydrofuran-2-yl)methane. Model architecture adjustments improved the overall root-mean-squared error (RMSE) of the base database predictions by 5.54%. Additionally, through the targeted database expansion, it is shown that the predicted cetane number of the furan-based molecules improves on average by 49.21% (3.74 CN units) and significantly for a few of the individual molecules. This indicates that a selected subset of representative molecules can be used to extend the model’s predictive accuracy to new molecular classes. The approach, bolstered by the improvements presented in this paper, enables chemists to focus on promising molecules by eliminating less favorable candidates in relation to their ignition quality. Engineering Archive 2017-05-18 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/79 10.31224/osf.io/5v7r9 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/79/185 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/79/186 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/80 2022-01-21T14:49:45Z engrxiv:PRE

Investigation of Biofuels from Microorganism Metabolism for Use as Anti-Knock Additives Mack, John Hunter Rapp, Vi H. Broeckelmann, Malte Lee, Taek Soon Dibble, Robert W. biofuels blending research octane number engine internal combustion metabolism octane number research octane number This paper investigates the anti-knock properties of biofuels that can be produced from microorganism metabolic processes. The biofuels are rated using Research Octane Number (RON) and Blending Research Octane Number (BRON), which determine their potential as additives for fuel in spark ignition (SI) engines. Tests were conducted using a single-cylinder Cooperative Fuel Research (CFR) engine and performance of the biofuels was compared to primary reference fuels (PRFs). The investigated fuels include 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol (isobutanol), and limonene. Results show that 3-methyl-2-buten-1-ol, 3-methyl-3-buten-1-ol, and 2-methylpropan-1-ol (isobutanol) sufficiently improve the anti-knock properties of gasoline. Engineering Archive 2017-05-23 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/80 10.31224/osf.io/e6qdr eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/80/187 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/80/188 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/81 2022-01-21T14:49:54Z engrxiv:PRE

Effect of hydrogen peroxide addition to methane fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition engines through numerical simulations Hammond, Zachary M. Mack, John Hunter Dibble, Robert W. autoignition dual fuel hcci homogeneous charge compression ignition hydrogen peroxide methane modeling The effect of the direct injection of hydrogen peroxide into a port-injected methane fueled homogeneous charge compression ignition engine was investigated numerically. The injection of aqueous hydrogen peroxide was implemented as a means of combustion phasing control. A single cylinder homogeneous charge compression ignition engine (2.43 L Caterpillar) was modeled using the Cantera 2.0 flame code toolkit, the GRI-Mech 3.0 chemical reaction mechanism, and a single-zone slider-crank engine model. Start of injection timing and the amount of injected hydrogen peroxide were manipulated to achieve desired combustion phasing under a wide range of intake temperatures. As the concentration of hydrogen peroxide is increased, the combustion phasing is advanced up to 22 degrees for the conditions investigated in this study. This advancing effect is most pronounced at small concentrations (< 10 g H2O2 / kg CH4) and early injection timings (SOI < 25 degrees BTDC). The model suggests hydrogen peroxide can be introduced as a means of combustion phasing control while maintaining the low emissions and peak in-cylinder pressures inherent in homogeneous charge compression ignition engines. Engineering Archive 2017-05-24 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/81 10.31224/osf.io/xywbc eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/81/189 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/81/190 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/82 2022-01-21T14:50:02Z engrxiv:PRE

Comparative dynamic mechanical properties of non-superheated and superheated A357 alloys Noor, Mazlee Mohd A357 alloys alloys damping dynamic properties mechanical properties superheating The influence of superheat treatment on the microstructure and dynamic mechanical properties of A357 alloys has been investigated. The study of microstructure was performed by the optical microscope. Dynamic mechanical properties (storage modulus, loss modulus, and damping capacity) were measured by the dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA). Microstructure showed coarser and angular eutectic Si particles with larger α-Al dendrites in the non-superheated A357 alloy. In contrast, finer and rounded eutectic Si particles together with smaller and preferred oriented α-Al dendrites have been observed in the superheated A357 alloy. Dynamic mechanical properties showed an increasing trend of loss modulus and damping capacity meanwhile a decreasing trend of storage modulus at elevated temperatures for superheated and non-superheated A357 alloys. The high damping capacity of superheated A357 has been ascribed to the grain boundary damping at elevated temperatures. Engineering Archive 2017-05-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/82 10.31224/osf.io/g58pd eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/82/191 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/82/192 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/83 2022-01-21T14:50:10Z engrxiv:PRE

Flexural Strength and Crack Propagation of Porous Clay- Precipitated Calcium Carbonates AZMY, NUR ALIA BINTI ROSLIN clay crack propagation Flexural strength porous ceramic precipitated calcium carbonate Porous clay-precipitated calcium carbonates were prepared via polymeric sponge replication method using precipitated calcium carbonates (PCC) and red clay as raw materials. Different compositions of precipitated calcium carbonates (PCC) which is 10 wt.% and 15 wt.% with 24 hours and 48 hours milling time were sintered at 1250°C for 2 hours respectively which influenced the flexural strength and morphology of the porous ceramic. The highest flexural strength (1.843 MPa) were obtained by 10 wt.% [CaCO3]PCC milled at 24 hours related to the lowest percentage of porosity (81.00%). Mineralogical characterization of porous ceramic were determined via X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows the presence of crystalline phases such as anorthite (2CaAl2Si2O8), gehlenite (Ca2Al2SiO7) and esseneite (CaFeAlSiO6) after sintering process. The morphological analysis via stereomicroscope shows that the porosity and struts were found due to presence of precipitated calcium carbonates that act as pore forming agent. The colour of porous ceramic between 10 wt.% [CaCO3]PCC and 15 wt.% [CaCO3]PCC shows significant difference due to iron oxide contained in the red clay which contributes to the colour of the samples. Crack propagates in the intergranular type of fracture mode due to resulted porous ceramic is a brittle material. Engineering Archive 2017-05-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/83 10.31224/osf.io/qky92 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/83/193 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/83/194 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/84 2022-01-21T14:50:20Z engrxiv:PRE

Mechanical Properties and Microstructural Analysis of 304 Stainless Steel by TIG Welding BIN RIDZUAN, MUHAMMAD NAZMI HAKIM 304 stainless steel Mechanical properties microstructural analysis TIG Welding Gas tungsten arc welding is the process repairing and widely used in heavy engineering for joining metal. It can be uses for various type of metal and application. The aim of this project is to study the effects of 304 stainless steel with 3 mm thickness on mechanical properties and its microstructure analysis towards gas tungsten arc welding method. The variables set up in this project were current, gas flow rate and welding direction upon rolling direction of stainless steel sheet. Three current setup were used which is 60 A, 80 A and 100 A Type of filler metal used in this project was ER 308L with 1.6 diameter. Two set up for gas flow rate were used which is 8 l/m and 12 l/m. Testing that carried out were tensile test, Vickers macro hardness test with 10 kgf load and microstructure analysis by using optical microscope. The effects of microstructure in austenitic stainless steel welds is discussed. From the mechanical properties procedures, the strength of the weld metal was obtain. For hardness testing, the most important zone to be focused were heat-affected zone (HAZ) and weld metal (WM). The integrity of the welding tested by using tensile test and hardness test with different amount of current and gas flow rate. Engineering Archive 2017-05-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/84 10.31224/osf.io/mqvfc eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/84/195 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/84/196 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/85 2022-01-21T14:50:29Z engrxiv:PRE

The Effects of Cold Rolling Process and Annealing Treatment on Damping Properties of 3105 Aluminium Alloy BIN ZAKARIA, MUHAMMAD SYAFIQ annealing treatment damping capacity hardness. rolling reduction The aluminium alloy have deformed by cold rolling process to 50 percent, 60 percent, and 70 percent rolling reduction. In order to reduce the strain hardening of the samples, an annealing treatment was performed after cold worked process. The lower the rolling reduction, the higher the damping capacity of the samples. The sample for 50 percent rolling reduction before annealed has increase in damping capacity from 0.0361 to 0.1318. When the samples undergo two different annealing temperatures and soaking hours, the damping properties such as loss modulus, storage modulus, and damping capacity show some changes in trend curves and experimental value. The damping capacity for sample 50 percent rolling reduction and after annealed at temperature 300 °C for one hour was increased from 0.0193 to 0.1405 at temperature 50 °C to 380 °C. The hardness measurement showed that, the value of Vickers hardness were decrease after annealed due to the decreasing in strain hardening. Engineering Archive 2017-05-26 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/85 10.31224/osf.io/c8qrw eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/85/197 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/85/198 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/86 2022-01-21T14:50:38Z engrxiv:PRE

Tensile shear strength and dynamic mechanical analysis of 6063 aluminium alloy and 304 stainless steel by spot welding SANUSI, ABDUL RAZAK 304 stainless steel 6063 aluminium alloy dissimilar metal dynamic mechanical analysis spot welding Mechanical properties of dissimilar metal of spot welding were tested and analyzed based on the variation in welding currents and welding times. From visual observation, the largest weld nugget recorded was 7.43 mm at 5 kA, meanwhile the smallest was 6.4 mm at 3 kA. It was found that weld nugget size increase with the increment of weld current and extension of weld time. Based on tensile result, the largest weld nugget size of 7.43 mm produced the highest tensile strength, 31.99 N/mm2 mean while the smallest weld nugget 6.4 mm produced 29.40 N/mm2. The results show that weld nugget size affect the tensile shear strength, and with the increment of weld current and extension of welding time, tensile shear strength increase. Dynamic mechanical properties defined the storage modulus, loss modulus and damping capacity of dissimilar metal spot welded. It was found that at 10 Hz frequency between 70°C to 350°C, with heating rate of 10°C/minute, the storage modulus increase with increment in weld current and the extension of weld time to 8 s. Meanwhile the loss modulus decrease with the increased of weld current and weld time. Same pattern happen to damping capacity, the value dropped with the increases of welding current and welding time. Engineering Archive 2017-05-28 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/86 10.31224/osf.io/kghqu eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/86/199 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/86/200 Copyright (c) 2017 SANUSI ABDUL RAZAK https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/87 2022-01-21T14:50:46Z engrxiv:PRE

Low-Profile Self-Sealing Sample Transfer Flexure Box Simon, Kevin Porz, Lukas Swamy, Tushar Chiang, Yet-Ming Slocum, Alexander air sensitive flexure Scanning Electron Microscope A flexural bearing mechanism has enabled the development of a self-sealing box for protecting air sensitive samples during transfer between glove boxes, micro-machining equipment, and microscopy equipment. The simplicity and self-actuating feature of this design makes it applicable to many devices that operate under vacuum conditions. The models used to design the flexural mechanism are presented in detail. The device has been tested in a Zeiss Merlin GEMINI II scanning electron microscope with Li3PS4 particles, showing effective isolation from air and corrosion prevention. Engineering Archive 2017-05-30 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/87 10.31224/osf.io/6ut5a eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/87/209 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/87/210 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/88 2022-01-21T14:51:09Z engrxiv:PRE

Microservices: a Language-based Approach Guidi, Claudio Lanese, Ivan Mazzara, Manuel Montesi, Fabrizio Microservices is an emerging development paradigm where software is obtained by composing autonomous entities, called (micro)services. However, microservice systems are currently developed using general-purpose programming languages that do not provide dedicated abstractions for service composition. Instead, current practice is focused on the deployment aspects of microservices, in particular by using containerization. In this chapter, we make the case for a language-based approach to the engineering of microservice architectures, which we believe is complementary to current practice. We discuss the approach in general, and then we instantiate it in terms of the Jolie programming language. Engineering Archive 2017-06-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/88 10.31224/osf.io/jq6ca eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/88/211 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/88/212 Copyright (c) 2017 Springer

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/89 2022-01-21T14:51:18Z engrxiv:PRE

DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW CO2-BASED DEMAND-CONTROLLED VENTILATION STRATEGY USING ENERGYPLUS Chenari, Behrang Lamas, Francisco Bispo Gaspar, Adélio Rodrigues da Silva, Manuel Gameiro Demand-controlled ventilation Energy consumption Indoor air quality Ventilation strategies A significant amount of energy is being used by ventilation and air conditioning systems to maintain the indoor environmental condition in a satisfactory and comfortable level. Many buildings, either new or existing (throughout their renovation process) are subjected to energy efficiency requirements but these must not be in the expenses of indoor environmental conditions. For instance, indoor air quality (IAQ) has to be considered while improving energy efficiency, otherwise occupants might be exposed to inappropriate indoor environment. Demand-controlled ventilation (DCV) is a method that provides comfortable IAQ level with lowest energy use. In this paper, the main objective is developing a new CO2-based DCV strategy and simulating it using EnergyPlus. The IAQ and energy consumption associated to this strategy have been compared with the results of CO2-based DCV strategies previously developed by the same authors in another article. The comparison shows that the new strategy performs better, both in energy use and IAQ. The recorded energy savings ranged between 6-14% comparing with the previously developed strategies while IAQ slightly improved. Engineering Archive 2017-06-20 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/89 10.31224/osf.io/h6mdn eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/89/213 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/89/214 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/90 2022-01-21T14:51:26Z engrxiv:PRE

The Holos Reactor: A Distributable Power Generator with Transportable Subcritical Power Modules Filippone, Claudio Jordan, Kelly Gas Cooled Reactor Nuclear Energy Small Modular Reactor Holos is a distributable modular nuclear power generator with enhanced safety features. Holos design objectives include production of affordable pollutant-free electricity and process heat with the safest melt-tolerant and proliferation resistant fuels. The design leverages commercial tech- nologies utilized for the conversion of thermal energy into conditioned electricity. Holos can op- erate as a stand-alone electric island at sites with no power grid infrastructure and can be scaled- up or clustered to meet local electric demands. Specialized configurations of Holos generators can be airlifted and timely deployed to supply emergency electricity and process heat to disaster areas and to inaccessible remote locations. The proposed distributable electric generator is com- prised within dimensions and weight requirements compatible with International Standard Or- ganization (ISO) transport containers, and is formed by subcritical power modules protected from shock stressors during transport. Holos coupled core becomes critical and enables power generation only when multiple subcritical power modules are positioned near one another. Cool- ing of Holos fuel relies only on environmental air during operations with passive decay-heat re- moval. Depending on configurations, Holos fuel cycle is 12-20 years, with 8%-15% enriched nuclear fuel sealed at all times and contained within replaceable fuel cartridges. At the end of the fuel cycle, the fuel cartridges fit within licensed transport and storage canisters for long term storage with low decommissioning cost. Holos power conversion components can be recondi- tioned when the fuel cartridges are replaced at the end of their fuel cycles and the generator can be re-licensed to resume operation for a total generator life-span of 60 years. In this design, the thermodynamic cycle utilized to convert the core thermal energy into electricity is based on the Brayton power cycle. In some configurations, the design integrates and couples a bottoming Rankine power cycle operating with organic fluids to enhance efficiency, convert decay thermal energy into electricity and support process heat applications. Holos waste heat recovery and con- version feature also relaxes thermal loading requirements at underground spent fuel repositories. The power conversion components utilized in this design are off-the-shelf, with power ratings comparable to those forming aviation jet engines and gas turbines commercially available worldwide. This approach simplifies the design and enables factory certification following the regulatory and quality assurance programs applied by the aviation industry. Holos innovative architecture provides the means to support a distributable power source satisfying various appli- cations’ requirements with enhanced safety and substantial cost reductions, thus making Holos generators competitive, and synergetic with technology sourced on renewable energy. Engineering Archive 2017-06-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/90 10.31224/osf.io/jzac9 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/90/216 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/91 2022-01-21T14:51:43Z engrxiv:PRE

Is it time to adjust the sails? On the philosophy of structural reliability Breitung, Karl Wilhelm Structural reliability FORM/SORM subset simulation structuralism The paper studies some gestalt switches in structural reliability. Then it makes a point for looking at the problem from a structuralist view. It further shows that subset simulation is a wrong approach for failure probability computation. A new method for it, called onion concept, is proposed. Engineering Archive 2017-07-08 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/91 10.31224/osf.io/d74ec eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/91/217 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/91/218 https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/92 2022-01-21T14:51:51Z engrxiv:PRE

AntibIoTic: Protecting IoT Devices Against DDoS Attacks De Donno, Michele Dragoni, Nicola Giaretta, Alberto Mazzara, Manuel The 2016 is remembered as the year that showed to the world how dangerous distributed Denial of Service attacks can be. Gauge of the disruptiveness of DDoS attacks is the number of bots involved: the bigger the botnet, the more powerful the attack. This character, along with the increasing availability of connected and insecure IoT devices, makes DDoS and IoT the perfect pair for the malware industry. In this paper we present the main idea behind AntibIoTic, a palliative solution to prevent DoS attacks perpetrated through IoT devices. Engineering Archive 2017-07-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/92 10.31224/osf.io/vh8ka eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/92/219 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/92/220 Copyright (c) 2017 The Authors

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/93 2022-01-21T14:51:59Z engrxiv:PRE

A Novel MRI Compatible Soft Tissue Indentor and Fibre Bragg Grating Force Sensor Moerman, Kevin Mattheus Sprengers, Andre Nederveen, Aart Simms, Ciaran Biomechanics FBG fibre bragg grating indenter indentor MRI MRI compatible optical force sensing soft tissue tagged MRI MRI is an ideal method for non-invasive soft tissue mechanical properties investigation. This requires mechanical excitation of the body’s tissues and measurement of the corresponding boundary conditions such as soft tissue deformation inside the MRI environment. However, this is technically difficult since load application and measurement of boundary conditions requires MRI compatible actuators and sensors. This paper describes a novel MRI compatible computer controlled soft tissue indentor and optical Fibre Brag Grating (FBG) force sensor. Engineering Archive 2017-07-17 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/93 10.31224/osf.io/wtxfc eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/93/221 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/93/222 Copyright (c) 2013 Kevin Moerman; Andre Sprengers; Aart Nederveen; Ciaran Simms https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/94 2022-01-21T14:52:07Z engrxiv:PRE

A Sustainable Design Repository for Influencing the Eco-Design of New Consumer Products Ferrero, Vincenzo Wisthoff, Addison Huynh, Tony Ross, Donovan DuPont, Bryony consumer product design design for the environment design repository sustainable design Engineering designers are constantly seeking ways to be more innovative, decisive, and informed of emerging technologies in the design of consumer products. Design tools, such as functional decomposition, morphology, and Pugh charts help stimulate the design process. However, many early-design-phase design tools require designers to have experiential or empirical design knowledge; many of these approaches are intractable for use by novice designers or designers with little experience designing for certain new objectives. In contrast to these current tools, using repositories to store product design information can provide additional and extensive design knowledge to the global design community. Using repository data—and resultant data-driven design approaches—in the design of new products can be especially impactful for DfX design objectives such as product sustainability, about which many engineering designers have limited knowledge. In this paper, we discuss the creation of a sustainable design repository – a collection of product data that includes environmental impact information. Through the initialization of a 47-product repository case study, we seek to create data-driven design processes that can influence designers to consider environmental sustainability. We found, for example, that in the first year of a product’s life, 29-64% of the environmental impact occurs during the product’s use phase, and that uncertainty in input data (such as component manufacturing location and disposal method) can significantly contribute to environmental impact variation. The creation of this sustainable design repository highlights the need for the consideration of input uncertainties when conducting environmental impact analysis. Additionally, the repository has also been used in tandem with machine learning to understand design decisions that lead to more sustainable products. This sustainable design repository enables subsequent data-driven design research in that it provides a large dataset on which machine learning approaches can operate. Engineering Archive 2017-07-19 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/94 10.31224/osf.io/ufjkr eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/94/227 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/94/228 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/95 2022-01-21T14:52:21Z engrxiv:PRE

Soft Tissue Artifact Compensation Using Triangular Cosserat Point Elements (TCPEs) Solav, Dana Rubin, MB Wolf, Alon Cosserat Point Theory Deformation Motion Analysis Rigid Body Estimation Soft Tissue Artifact Existing methods which compensate for the Soft Tissue Artifact (STA) in optoelectronic motion measurements estimate the rigid motion of a nearly rigid underlying body segment based on analysis of the motion of all fiducial markers. The objective of the proposed Triangular Cosserat Point Elements (TCPE) method is to estimate the motion of the underlying body segment even when the STA in the entire cluster of markers can be large. This is accomplished by characterizing the cluster of markers with TCPEs defined by triangles based on all combinations of three markers. Then, scalar deformation measures characterizing the magnitudes of strain and relative rotation of pairs of TCPEs are defined for each TCPE. These deformation measures are used to define a filtered group of TCPEs which best represents the motion of the underlying body segment. The method was tested using an experimental setup that consists of a rigid pendulum with a deformable 300ml silicone breast implant attached to it as a simulation of the soft tissue around a bony segment. The rotation angles extracted from markers on the deformable implant were compared with simultaneous measurements of the rigid pendulum using an optoelectronic system. Analysis of the experimental data shows that this filtering process substantially reduces the error due to the STA even though the data set includes large deformations. In particular, the analysis shows that the error reduction using the TCPE approach is larger than the reductions obtained using standard least-squares minimization methods. Engineering Archive 2017-07-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/95 10.31224/osf.io/spge4 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/95/229 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/95/230 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/96 2022-01-21T14:52:30Z engrxiv:PRE

Bone Pose Estimation in the Presence of Soft Tissue Artifact Using Triangular Cosserat Point Elements Solav, Dana Rubin, MB Cereatti, Andrea Camomilla, Valentina Wolf, Alon Bone pose estimation Cosserat point theory marker cluster motion analysis soft tissue artifact soft tissue deformation stereophotogrammetry Triangular Cosserat Point Element Accurate estimation of the position and orientation (pose) of a bone from a cluster of skin markers is limited mostly by the relative motion between the bone and the markers, which is known as the Soft Tissue Artifact (STA). This work presents a method, based on continuum mechanics, to describe the kinematics of a cluster affected by STA. The cluster is characterized by Triangular Cosserat Point Elements (TCPEs) defined by all combinations of three markers. The effects of the STA on the TCPEs are quantified using three parameters describing the strain in each TCPE and the relative rotation and translation between TCPEs. The method was evaluated using previously collected ex-vivo kinematic data. Femur pose was estimated from 12 skin markers on the thigh, while its reference pose was measured using bone pins. Analysis revealed that instantaneous subsets of TCPEs exist which estimate bone position and orientation more accurately than the Procrustes Superimposition applied to the cluster of all markers. It has been shown that some of these parameters correlate well with femur pose errors, which suggests that they can be used to select, at each instant, subsets of TCPEs leading an improved estimation of the underlying bone pose. Engineering Archive 2017-07-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/96 10.31224/osf.io/b3az4 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/96/231 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/96/232 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/97 2022-01-21T14:52:39Z engrxiv:PRE

Unphysical properties of the rotation tensor estimated by least squares optimization with specific application to biomechanics Rubin, MB Solav, Dana anthropometric scaling biomechanical motion analysis factor structure least squares polar decomposition registration of shapes satellite attitude soft tissue artifact Analysis of the transformation of one data set into another is a ubiquitous problem in many fields of science. Many works approximate the transformation of a reference cluster of n vectors Xi (i=1,2,..,n) into another cluster of n vectors xi by a translation and a rotation using a least squares optimization to obtain the rotation tensor Q. The objective of this work is to prove that this rotation tensor Q exhibits unphysical dependence on the shape and orientation of the reference cluster. In contrast, when the transformation is approximated by a translation and a general non-singular tensor F, which includes deformations, then the associated rotation tensor R does not exhibit these unphysical properties. An example in biomechanics quantifies the errors of these unphysical properties. Engineering Archive 2017-07-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/97 10.31224/osf.io/397zy eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/97/233 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/97/234 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/98 2022-01-21T14:52:48Z engrxiv:PRE

Bone Orientation and Position Estimation Errors Using Cosserat Point Elements and Least Squares methods: Application to Gait Solav, Dana Camomilla, Valentina Cereatti, Andrea Barré, Arnaud Aminian, Kamiar Wolf, Alon Bone Pose Estimation Cosserat Point Theory Human Movement Analysis Soft Tissue Artifact Stereophotogrammetry The aim of this study was to analyze the accuracy of bone pose estimation based on sub-clusters of three skin-markers characterized by triangular Cosserat point elements (TCPEs) and to evaluate the capability of four instantaneous physical parameters, which can be measured non-invasively in-vivo, to identify the most accurate TCPEs. Moreover, TCPE pose estimations were compared with the estimations of two least squares minimization methods applied to the cluster of all markers, using rigid body (RBLS) and homogeneous deformation (HDLS) assumptions. Analysis was performed on previously collected in-vivo treadmill gait data composed of simultaneous measurements of the gold-standard bone pose by bi-plane fluoroscopy tracking the subjects' knee prosthesis and a stereophotogrammetric system tracking skin-markers affected by soft tissue artifact. Femur orientation and position errors estimated from skin-marker clusters were computed for 18 subjects using clusters of up to 35 markers. Results based on gold-standard data revealed that instantaneous subsets of TCPEs exist which estimate the femur pose with reasonable accuracy (median root mean square error during stance/swing: 1.4/2.8 deg for orientation, 1.5/4.2 mm for position). A non-invasive and instantaneous criteria to select accurate TCPEs for pose estimation (4.8/7.3 deg, 5.8/12.3 mm), was compared with RBLS (4.3/6.6 deg, 6.9/16.6 mm) and HDLS (4.6/7.6 deg, 6.7/12.5 mm). Accounting for homogeneous deformation, using HDLS or selected TCPEs, yielded more accurate position estimations than RBLS method, which, conversely, yielded more accurate orientation estimations. Further investigation is required to devise effective criteria for cluster selection that could represent a significant improvement in bone pose estimation accuracy. Engineering Archive 2017-07-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/98 10.31224/osf.io/yfqxr eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/98/235 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/98/236 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/99 2022-01-21T14:52:57Z engrxiv:PRE

Chest Wall Kinematics Using Triangular Cosserat Point Elements in Healthy and Neuromuscular Subjects Solav, Dana Meric, Henri Rubin, MB Pradon, Didier Lofaso, Frédéric Wolf, Alon Breathing pattern Chest wall kinematics Neuromuscular disorder Optoelectronic plethysmography Respiratory motion Optoelectronic plethysmography (OEP) is a noninvasive method for assessing lung volume variations and the contributions of different anatomical compartments of the chest wall (CW) through measurements of the motion of markers attached to the CW surface. The present study proposes a new method for analyzing the local CW kinematics from OEP measurements based on the kinematics of triangular Cosserat point elements (TCPEs). 52 reflective markers were placed on the anterior CW to create a mesh of 78 triangles according to an anatomical model. Each triangle was characterized by a TCPE and its kinematics was described using four time-variant scalar TCPE parameters. The total CW volume ( VTCW) and the contributions of its six compartments were also estimated, using the same markers. The method was evaluated using measurements of ten healthy subjects, nine patients with Pompe disease, and ten patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD), during spontaneous breathing (SB) and vital capacity maneuvers (VC) in the supine position. TCPE parameters and compartmental volumes were compared with VTCW by computing the phase angles θ (for SB) and the correlation r (for VC) between them. Analysis of θ and r of the outward translation parameter PT of each TCPE revealed that for healthy subjects it provided similar results to those obtained by compartmental volumes, whereas for the neuromuscular patients the TCPE method was capable of detecting local asynchronous and paradoxical movements also in cases where they were undistinguished by volumes. Therefore, the TCPE approach provides additional information to OEP that may enhance its clinical evaluation capabilities. Engineering Archive 2017-07-21 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/99 10.31224/osf.io/umkz8 eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/99/237 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/99/238 https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/legalcode

oai:ops.engrxiv.org:preprint/100 2022-01-21T14:53:05Z engrxiv:PRE

The Internet of Hackable Things Dragoni, Nicola Giaretta, Alberto Mazzara, Manuel The Internet of Things makes possible to connect each everyday object to the Internet, making computing pervasive like never before. From a security and privacy perspective, this tsunami of connectivity represents a disaster, which makes each object remotely hackable. We claim that, in order to tackle this issue, we need to address a new challenge in security: education. Engineering Archive 2017-07-25 info:eu-repo/semantics/preprint info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion application/pdf https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/100 10.31224/osf.io/5ua7g eng https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/100/239 https://engrxiv.org/preprint/view/100/240 Copyright (c) 2017 The authors b1bf19216902623b89293fb64cbb9ae4