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Description: This paper presents a novel approach for systematic energy efficiency evaluation and optimization in turning operations, combining spindle, chiller and material removal models. Framing a joint machine-process design approach, the proposed study aims at selecting optimal combinations of cutting parameters (feed rate, depth of cut and spindle speed) for a given spindle-chiller assembly, able to minimize the energy consumption. Contrary to most of the literature, where the efficiency analysis is fully empirical, relying on extended cutting test campaigns, here a model-based approach is adopted. The goal is to characterize a key subsystem of modern machine tools, often used in both turning and milling machines, composed by a permanent magnet brushless direct-drive spindle with a dedicated chiller unit. Analytical relationships are identified, producing efficiency maps as a function of various process parameters. Physic-based models are exploited, reproducing electrical and mechanical energy dissipation occurring in the spindle and chiller units and in the material removal process. The models parameters are identified by a reduced set of spindle ramp-up and cutting tests, executed in an industrial context. Then, an overall process efficiency optimization is performed and discussed.