@misc{iea2025global,
title = {Global electric car sales, 2014-2024},
author = {{IEA}},
howpublished = {IEA Data and Statistics},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.iea.org/data-and-statistics/charts/global-electric-car-sales-2014-2024}
}

@article{jordhamo2025ev,
title = {As EV sales stall, new share dynamics grow},
journal = {S\&P Automotive Insights},
year = {2025},
month = {Jul},
day = {30},
url = {https://www.spglobal.com/automotive-insights/en/blogs/2025/07/ev-sales-stall-new-share-dynamics-grow},
author = {J. Jordhamo}
}


@article{threewitt2025reasons,
title = {Reasons people don't buy electric cars (and why they're wrong)},
journal = {U.S. News \& World Report},
year = {2025},
month = {Feb},
day = {26},
url = {https://cars.usnews.com/cars-trucks/advice/why-people-dont-buy-electric-cars},
author = {C. Threewitt}
}

@article{MURATORI2019109235,
title = {Electricity rates for electric vehicle direct current fast charging in the United States},
journal = {Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews},
volume = {113},
pages = {109235},
year = {2019},
issn = {1364-0321},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2019.06.042},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1364032119304356},
author = {Matteo Muratori and Eleftheria Kontou and Joshua Eichman},
keywords = {Electricity rates, Electric vehicles, DC fast charging, Demand charges, Charging stations},
abstract = {While several efforts are promoting a widespread and convenient network of direct current fast charging (DCFC) stations to support electric vehicles, there is limited understanding of the magnitude and variability of the cost of electricity for these applications. This information gap may hinder optimal investing and planning for charging station placement and in turn affect electric vehicle adoption and usage. Here, we assess the electricity cost for different scenarios of DCFC station size and use based on over 7500 commercial and industrial electricity rates available for 2017 across the United States. Results show that the cost of electricity for DCFC varies dramatically, ranging from less than $0.10 to over $2 per kilowatt-hour, depending on station design and high uncertainty in use. The main driver of cost is low utilization, which results from a combination of few charging events and limited energy recharged during each event. Low utilization leads to significantly higher electricity cost, particularly for rates with demand charges; however, cost decreases rapidly as utilization increases. For high-utilization stations, selecting rates with demand charges can actually reduce electricity costs compared to non-demand-charge rates. Moreover, significant opportunities for cost savings based on existing rates include preferential charging during off-peak hours and limiting multi-plug station power so that not all plugs can be used simultaneously at maximum power.}
}

@misc{tesla2025charging,
title = {Charging},
author = {{Tesla Support}},
url = {https://www.tesla.com/support/charging}
}

@article{arena2024comprehensive,
title = {A comprehensive review on DC fast charging stations for electric vehicles: Standards, power conversion technologies, architectures, energy management, and cybersecurity},
journal = {IEEE Open Journal of Power Electronics},
volume = {5},
pages = {1573--1611},
year = {2024},
doi = {10.1109/ojpel.2024.3466936},
author = {G. Arena and A. Chub and M. Lukianov and R. Strzelecki and D. Vinnikov and G. {De Carne}}
}


@Article{batteries10100372,
AUTHOR = {Tai, Le Duc and Garud, Kunal Sandip and Hwang, Seong-Guk and Lee, Moo-Yeon},
TITLE = {A Review on Advanced Battery Thermal Management Systems for Fast Charging in Electric Vehicles},
JOURNAL = {Batteries},
VOLUME = {10},
YEAR = {2024},
NUMBER = {10},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {372},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2313-0105/10/10/372},
ISSN = {2313-0105},
ABSTRACT = {To protect the environment and reduce dependence on fossil fuels, the world is shifting towards electric vehicles (EVs) as a sustainable solution. The development of fast charging technologies for EVs to reduce charging time and increase operating range is essential to replace traditional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are efficient energy storage systems in EVs. However, the efficiency of LIBs depends significantly on their working temperature range. However, the huge amount of heat generated during fast charging increases battery temperature uncontrollably and may lead to thermal runaway, which poses serious hazards during the operation of EVs. In addition, fast charging with high current accelerates battery aging and seriously reduces battery capacity. Therefore, an effective and advanced battery thermal management system (BTMS) is essential to ensure the performance, lifetime, and safety of LIBs, particularly under extreme charging conditions. In this perspective, the current review presents the state-of-the-art thermal management strategies for LIBs during fast charging. The serious thermal problems owing to heat generated during fast charging and its impacts on LIBs are discussed. The core part of this review presents advanced cooling strategies such as indirect liquid cooling, immersion cooling, and hybrid cooling for the thermal management of batteries during fast charging based on recently published research studies in the period of 2019–2024 (5 years). Finally, the key findings and potential directions for next-generation BTMSs toward fast charging are proposed. This review offers an in-depth analysis by providing recommendations and potential solutions to develop reliable and efficient BTMSs for LIBs during fast charging.},
DOI = {10.3390/batteries10100372}
}

@techreport{DOE2024EVGridImpact,
  title = {Impact of electric vehicles on the grid - Report to Congress},
  author = {{U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Electricity}},
  year = {2024},
  month = {June},
  institution = {U.S. Department of Energy},
  url = {https://www.energy.gov/sites/default/files/2024-10/Congressional\%20Report\%20EV\%20Grid\%20Impacts.pdf},
  note = {Accessed: 2025-08-14}
}


@Article{app14114728,
AUTHOR = {Zentani, Ahmed and Almaktoof, Ali and Kahn, Mohamed T.},
TITLE = {A Comprehensive Review of Developments in Electric Vehicles Fast Charging Technology},
JOURNAL = {Applied Sciences},
VOLUME = {14},
YEAR = {2024},
NUMBER = {11},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {4728},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/14/11/4728},
ISSN = {2076-3417},
ABSTRACT = {Electric vehicle (EV) fast charging systems are rapidly evolving to meet the demands of a growing electric mobility landscape. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of various fast charging techniques, advanced infrastructure, control strategies, and emerging challenges and future trends in EV fast charging. It discusses various fast charging techniques, including inductive charging, ultra-fast charging (UFC), DC fast charging (DCFC), Tesla Superchargers, bidirectional charging integration, and battery swapping, analysing their advantages and limitations. Advanced infrastructure for DC fast charging is explored, covering charging standards, connector types, communication protocols, power levels, and charging modes control strategies. Electric vehicle battery chargers are categorized into on-board and off-board systems, with detailed functionalities provided. The status of DC fast charging station DC-DC converters classification is presented, emphasizing their role in optimizing charging efficiency. Control strategies for EV systems are analysed, focusing on effective charging management while ensuring safety and performance. Challenges and future trends in EV fast charging are thoroughly explored, highlighting infrastructure limitations, standardization efforts, battery technology advancements, and energy optimization through smart grid solutions and bidirectional chargers. The paper advocates for global collaboration to establish universal standards and interoperability among charging systems to facilitate widespread EV adoption. Future research areas include faster charging, infrastructure improvements, standardization, and energy optimization. Encouragement is given for advancements in battery technology, wireless charging, battery swapping, and user experience enhancement to further advance the EV fast charging ecosystem. In summary, this paper offers valuable insights into the current state, challenges, and future directions of EV fast charging, providing a comprehensive examination of technological advancements and emerging trends in the field.},
DOI = {10.3390/app14114728}
}

@article{klender2020tesla,
title = {Tesla debuts new 4680 battery cell: 500\% more energy, 6x power, range increase},
journal = {TESLARATI},
year = {2020},
month = {Sep},
day = {22},
url = {https://www.teslarati.com/tesla-4680-battery-cell/},
author = {J. Klender}
}

@article{LEI2024132629,
title = {Electrochemical-thermal analysis of large-sized lithium-ion batteries: Influence of cell thickness and cooling strategy in charging},
journal = {Energy},
volume = {307},
pages = {132629},
year = {2024},
issn = {0360-5442},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.132629},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0360544224024034},
author = {Deyong Lei and Yun Wang and Jingfei Fu and Xiaobao Zhu and Jing Shi and Yachao Wang},
keywords = {Lithium-ion batteries, Thermal management, Fast charging, LiFePO4},
abstract = {With the transition to electric propulsion accelerating, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) are essential due to their high energy density and efficiency. However, higher energy requirements and rapid charging pose significant safety and performance challenges, particularly for large cells. This research uniquely investigates the thermal and electrochemical responses of large-sized prismatic LiFePO4 cells under various cell thicknesses (ranging from 11.3mm to 90mm), charging conditions (ranging from 0.3C to 1C), and cooling strategies. The model reveals that higher charging rates markedly increase temperature and variability within the cells. Charging a 45mm-thick cell at a 1C rate and with natural air cooling results in a temperature rise of 24.3K and a deviation of 6.18K. In contrast, charging at 0.3C results in 5.4K and 1.17K, respectively. Despite the smaller heat exchange surface, bottom-cooling is most efficient for thick cells due to significant anisotropic heat conduction. Single-side cooling becomes more effective for thinner cells. A critical cell thickness for such transition exists at around 22.5mm. Double-side cooling consistently outperforms single-side cooling, significantly reducing temperature deviations across various cell thicknesses. Best cooling performance is seen in the case of the thinnest cell (11.3mm) with double-side cooling, with only 3K temperature rise and 1K deviation, at 1C charging. Additionally, improved thermal management during charging slightly increases heat generation of the cell, due to the higher resistance at lower temperatures, elevating ohmic heat generation from separators and electrodes. Polarization heat from the negative electrode is identified as the dominant heat source, driven by increased overpotential at higher temperatures due to elevated Li ion concentration at the electrode surface. The findings provide crucial insights into the thermal and electrochemical behaviors of large-sized LIBs, offering valuable guidance for the design and management of these LIB systems to enhance safety, performance, and longevity in electric vehicle applications, addressing a pressing need in the field.}
}

@article{RAHMANI2025235827,
title = {Driving the future: A comprehensive review of automotive battery management system technologies, and future trends},
journal = {Journal of Power Sources},
volume = {629},
pages = {235827},
year = {2025},
issn = {0378-7753},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpowsour.2024.235827},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378775324017798},
author = {Pegah Rahmani and Sajib Chakraborty and Igor Mele and Tomaž Katrašnik and Stanje Bernhard and Stephan Pruefling and Steven Wilkins and Omar Hegazy},
keywords = {Advanced battery management system, Battery blanacing system, Digital twin},
abstract = {To date, a variety of Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) have been utilized in the EV industry, with lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries emerging as a dominant choice. Li-ion batteries have not only captured the automotive market but have also exponentially been used in stationary energy storage sectors, thanks to their extended service life, high power, and volumetric density. The surge in Li-ion battery demand, increasing by approximately 65% from 330GWh in 2021 to 550GWh in 2022, is primarily attributed to the exponential growth in electric vehicles sales. However, despite extensive research in academia and industry on Battery Management Systems (BMS), several gaps persist. Challenges include optimizing battery utilization within real-world operational limits, adapting BMS concerning chemical changes within batteries, e.g., aging, addressing the complexities of cell balancing in future battery packs, restricting fast charging below room temperature, limitations in fault tolerance capabilities, and the tendency to oversize for safety margins. Furthermore, the integration of efficient models (i.e., physics/data) with cutting-edge sensing technology remains a challenge as current BMS are often isolated and disconnected, narrowing the operational limits of battery systems for EV and stationary energy storage applications. This paper conducts a comprehensive review covering all possible aspects of BMS soft- and hardware solutions for EV applications, focusing on technical performance, safety, and reliability. Topics covered physics- and data-based modelling approaches for edge and cloud, state-of-X (SoX) estimation methods, charging strategies, balancing techniques, fault diagnostics, safety considerations, warranty management, and Vehicle-to-Everything (V2X) capabilities. Additionally, the paper sheds light on emerging technologies and future opportunities in this related field.}
}

@article{TOMASZEWSKA2019100011,
title = {Lithium-ion battery fast charging: A review},
journal = {eTransportation},
volume = {1},
pages = {100011},
year = {2019},
issn = {2590-1168},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etran.2019.100011},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2590116819300116},
author = {Anna Tomaszewska and Zhengyu Chu and Xuning Feng and Simon O'Kane and Xinhua Liu and Jingyi Chen and Chenzhen Ji and Elizabeth Endler and Ruihe Li and Lishuo Liu and Yalun Li and Siqi Zheng and Sebastian Vetterlein and Ming Gao and Jiuyu Du and Michael Parkes and Minggao Ouyang and Monica Marinescu and Gregory Offer and Billy Wu},
keywords = {Lithium-ion battery, Fast charging, Lithium plating, Charging protocols, Electric vehicles},
abstract = {In the recent years, lithium-ion batteries have become the battery technology of choice for portable devices, electric vehicles and grid storage. While increasing numbers of car manufacturers are introducing electrified models into their offering, range anxiety and the length of time required to recharge the batteries are still a common concern. The high currents needed to accelerate the charging process have been known to reduce energy efficiency and cause accelerated capacity and power fade. Fast charging is a multiscale problem, therefore insights from atomic to system level are required to understand and improve fast charging performance. The present paper reviews the literature on the physical phenomena that limit battery charging speeds, the degradation mechanisms that commonly result from charging at high currents, and the approaches that have been proposed to address these issues. Special attention is paid to low temperature charging. Alternative fast charging protocols are presented and critically assessed. Safety implications are explored, including the potential influence of fast charging on thermal runaway characteristics. Finally, knowledge gaps are identified and recommendations are made for the direction of future research. The need to develop reliable onboard methods to detect lithium plating and mechanical degradation is highlighted. Robust model-based charging optimisation strategies are identified as key to enabling fast charging in all conditions. Thermal management strategies to both cool batteries during charging and preheat them in cold weather are acknowledged as critical, with a particular focus on techniques capable of achieving high speeds and good temperature homogeneities.}
}

@article{dai2023research,
title = {Research on fast-charging battery thermal management system based on refrigerant direct cooling},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {13},
pages = {11707},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-023-38330-3},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38330-3},
author = {N. Dai and J. Long}
}

@article{ank2023lithium,
title = {Lithium-ion cells in automotive applications: Tesla 4680 cylindrical cell teardown and characterization},
journal = {Journal of The Electrochemical Society},
volume = {170},
number = {12},
pages = {120536},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.1149/1945-7111/ad14d0},
author = {M. Ank and others}
}

@software{mathworks_lithium_pack,
title = {Lithium Pack DCFC Model},
author = {{MathWorks}},
organization = {MathWorks},
howpublished = {MATLAB/Simulink},
url = {https://www.mathworks.com/help/sps/ug/lithium-pack-DCFC.html},
note = {Accessed: [06/27/2025]}
}

@article{sawant,
author = {Sawant, Vikram and Zambare, Pallavi},
year = {2024},
month = {02},
pages = {n/a-n/a},
title = {DC fast charging stations for electric vehicles: A review},
volume = {5},
journal = {Energy Conversion and Economics},
doi = {10.1049/enc2.12111}
}


@article{MASTOI202211504,
title = {An in-depth analysis of electric vehicle charging station infrastructure, policy implications, and future trends},
journal = {Energy Reports},
volume = {8},
pages = {11504-11529},
year = {2022},
issn = {2352-4847},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egyr.2022.09.011},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352484722017346},
author = {Muhammad Shahid Mastoi and Shenxian Zhuang and Hafiz Mudassir Munir and Malik Haris and Mannan Hassan and Muhammad Usman and Syed Sabir Hussain Bukhari and Jong-Suk Ro},
keywords = {Smart charging, Electric vehicles, Charging infrastructure, Electric vehicle charging stations},
abstract = {A significant transformation occurs globally as transportation switches from fossil fuel-powered to zero and ultra-low tailpipe emissions vehicles. The transition to the electric vehicle requires an infrastructure of charging stations (CSs) with information technology, ingenious, distributed energy generation units, and favorable government policies. This paper discusses the key factors when planning electric vehicle charging infrastructure. This paper provides information about planning and technological developments that can be used to improve the design and implementation of charging station infrastructure. A comprehensive review of the current electric vehicle scenario, the impact of EVs on grid integration, and Electric Vehicle optimal allocation provisioning are presented. In particular, this paper analyzes research and developments related to charging station infrastructure, challenges, and efforts to standardize the infrastructure to enhance future research work. In addition, the optimal placement of rapid charging stations is based on economic benefits and grid impacts. It also describes the challenges of adoption. On the other hand, future trends in the field, such as energy procurement from renewable sources and cars’ benefits to grid technology, are also presented and discussed.}
}

@article{nigel2022tesla,
title = {Tesla 4680 cell},
journal = {Battery Design},
year = {2022},
month = {Nov},
day = {18},
url = {https://www.batterydesign.net/tesla-4680-cell/},
author = {Nigel}
}

@article{lambert2023tesla,
title = {Tesla announces 4680 battery cell production breakthrough},
journal = {Electrek},
year = {2023},
month = {Oct},
day = {11},
url = {https://electrek.co/guides/tesla-4680-cell/},
author = {F. Lambert}
}

@article{ALLGAUER2025117318,
title = {Thermal management of 4680 battery cells: Cell design and cooling concept},
journal = {Journal of Energy Storage},
volume = {131},
pages = {117318},
year = {2025},
issn = {2352-152X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2025.117318},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X25020316},
author = {Christian Allgäuer and Fabian Grenz and Kareem {Abo Gamra} and Markus Lienkamp},
keywords = {Lithium-ion battery, Thermal management, 4680, Tabless, Fast charge, Electric vehicle},
abstract = {Leading OEMs and cell manufacturers have announced cylindrical cells with a diameter of 46mm for the next generation of their batteries. The thermal management of these cells is challenging, especially under fast-charging conditions, since the smaller surface-to-volume ratio exacerbates thermal gradients within the cell. This work investigates the thermal performance of a state-of-the-art 4680 battery cell with a tabless design and steel housing. We experimentally show that side cooling (SC) is superior to bottom cooling (BC) regarding the surface temperatures. Based on this, a thermal simulation model is implemented to optimize the cell design and the thermal management concept. The design of the electrical tabs and the housing material significantly influence the thermal performance. For BC, it is recommended to further improve the thermal conductivity of the tab at the cooled surface or use an aluminum housing, whereas SC performs well with the current cell design. The cooling of the whole mantle surface, as it is often discussed in the context of immersion cooling, provides a further improvement. The analysis of the electrical contact resistance from the busbars to the cell terminals shows that the heat input cannot be neglected. Especially at high currents and a single-sided contact of both terminals, it is challenging for BC. These results show that the holistic optimization of the cell design and the cooling concept are of utmost importance.}
}

@misc{mit2014equilibrium,
title = {Equilibrium thermodynamics. Lecture 8: The Nernst equation},
author = {{MIT OpenCourseWare}},
year = {2014},
month = {Feb},
url = {https://ocw.mit.edu/courses/10-626-electrochemical-energy-systems-spring-2014/548952ce8b570fbbde640f2e561c4f96_MIT10_626S14_S11lec08.pdf}
}

@article{aboutenergy2023tesla,
title = {The Tesla 4680: Does size matter?},
journal = {About Energy},
year = {2023},
month = {Aug},
day = {29},
url = {https://www.aboutenergy.io/post/the-tesla-4680-does-size-matter}
}

@inproceedings{peng2022parameter,
title = {Parameter identification of lithium-ion battery equivalent circuit model based on limited memory recursive least squares algorithm with variable forgetting factor},
booktitle = {Journal of Physics: Conference Series},
volume = {2246},
number = {1},
pages = {012090},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.1088/1742-6596/2246/1/012090},
author = {X. Peng and J. Yin and L. Sun and Z. Ye and T. Wei}
}

@article{xie2020facile,
title = {A facile approach to high precision detection of cell-to-cell variation for Li-ion batteries},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {7182},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-64174-2},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-64174-2},
author = {L. Xie and D. Ren and L. Wang and others}
}

@INPROCEEDINGS{mondal,
  author={Mondal, Arpita and Routray, Aurobinda and Puravankara, Sreeraj and Pahari, Debanjana},
  booktitle={2020 IEEE 17th India Council International Conference (INDICON)}, 
  title={On-line Parameter Identification and State of Charge estimation of Li-ion Battery}, 
  year={2020},
  volume={},
  number={},
  pages={1-7},
  keywords={Lithium-ion batteries;Parameter estimation;Estimation;Real-time systems;Kalman filters;State of charge;Integrated circuit modeling;Parameter identification;ill-conditioning;Tikhonov regularized Kalman filter;Adaptive extended Kalman filter},
  doi={10.1109/INDICON49873.2020.9342215}}

@Article{Wang,
AUTHOR = {Wang, Qi and Gao, Tian and Li, Xingcan},
TITLE = {SOC Estimation of Lithium-Ion Battery Based on Equivalent Circuit Model with Variable Parameters},
JOURNAL = {Energies},
VOLUME = {15},
YEAR = {2022},
NUMBER = {16},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {5829},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/15/16/5829},
ISSN = {1996-1073},
ABSTRACT = {The state of charge (SOC) of the battery is an important basis for the battery management system to perform state monitoring and control decisions. In this paper, by identifying the internal parameters of the battery model at different temperatures and SOCs of the lithium-ion battery, the specific factors that affect the change of the parameters are analyzed, the segmentation basis of the model and the fitting method of related parameters are discussed, the second-order equivalent circuit model of the lithium-ion battery whose parameters vary with SOC and temperature is established, the unscented Kalman filter (UKF) is used to estimate the SOC of the lithium-ion battery, and an improved SOC estimation method based on optimized equivalent circuit model is proposed. Simulation and experimental results show that the improved SOC estimation strategy can obtain high estimation accuracy in a wide temperature range.},
DOI = {10.3390/en15165829}
}

@article{SOAVI20201,
title = {Supercapacitive operational mode in microbial fuel cell},
journal = {Current Opinion in Electrochemistry},
volume = {22},
pages = {1-8},
year = {2020},
note = {Environmental Electrochemistry - Physical and Nano Electrochemistry},
issn = {2451-9103},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2020.03.009},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451910320300661},
author = {Francesca Soavi and Carlo Santoro},
keywords = {Microbial fuel cells, Supercapacitive, Discharges, Self-recharges, High power/current generation},
abstract = {Supercapacitive microbial fuel cells (SC-MFCs) are an emerging and promising field that has captured the attention of scientists in the past few years. This hybridization consists in the integration of supercapacitive features in the MFC electrodes to boost the performance output. The MFC anaerobic and aerobic enviroments induce self-polarization of the electrodes. The electrodes can be discharged galvanostatically and then self-recharged by the biotic/abiotic environments. During the discharge, two main phenomena named electrostatic and faradaic take place but the separation and quantification of the two contributes seems to be challenging. Galvanostatic discharges of SC-MFC produce at least one order of magnitude higher current/power compared with continuous operations, making it promising for pulsed type applications.}
}
}

@book{sudhakar2018biopolymer,
title = {Biopolymer Electrolytes: Fundamentals and Applications in Energy Storage},
author = {Y. N. Sudhakar and M. Selvakumar and D. K. Bhat},
publisher = {Elsevier},
address = {Amsterdam},
year = {2018}
}


@article{MARSHALL201875,
title = {Using microkinetic models to understand electrocatalytic reactions},
journal = {Current Opinion in Electrochemistry},
volume = {7},
pages = {75-80},
year = {2018},
issn = {2451-9103},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coelec.2017.10.024},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2451910317301497},
author = {Aaron T. Marshall},
abstract = {Summary
Microkinetic models describing electrocatalytic reactions involving hydrogen and oxygen are discussed. In order to relate these models to experimental data, it is clear that the assumptions used in the models need to be rationalised, and in some cases the changes in local surface pH should be considered.}
}

@article{katzenmeier2023mass,
title = {Mass transport and charge transfer through an electrified interface between metallic lithium and solid-state electrolytes},
journal = {Communications Chemistry},
volume = {6},
pages = {124},
year = {2023},
doi = {10.1038/s42004-023-00923-4},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s42004-023-00923-4},
author = {L. Katzenmeier and M. G{\"o}{\ss}wein and L. Carstensen and others}
}

@article{nigel2022specific,
title = {Specific heat capacity of lithium ion cells},
journal = {Battery Design},
year = {2022},
month = {Jan},
day = {4},
url = {https://www.batterydesign.net/specific-heat-capacity-of-lithium-ion-cells/},
author = {Nigel}
}

@article{JIANG2023108516,
title = {Axial and radial thermal conductivity measurement of 18,650 Lithium-ion battery},
journal = {Journal of Energy Storage},
volume = {72},
pages = {108516},
year = {2023},
issn = {2352-152X},
doi = {https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2023.108516},
url = {https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2352152X23019138},
author = {Yihang Jiang and Jian Huang and Peicheng Xu and Peiyong Wang},
keywords = {Lithium-ion battery, Axial thermal conductivity, Radial thermal conductivity},
abstract = {Thermal conductivities of lithium-ion batteries are critical for the thermal management of battery packs. In this work, a novel method and experimental apparatuses are developed to measure the axial and radial thermal conductivities of the 18,650 LiNiCoAlO2 (NCA) lithium-ion battery. For the axial conductivity measurement, the one-dimensional steady conduction principle considering uniform heat loss is used, while the combined method of experiment and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation is used for the radial conductivity measurement. By measuring the conductivity of the stainless steel cylinder, the errors are estimated to be less than 1.45% and 1.37% for the axial and radial measurement methods respectively. The axial and radial conductivities of the battery are measured at different open circuit voltage (OCV) and temperatures. Under the experimental conditions, the axial conductivity of the battery ranges from 10.26 to 14.20W/m/K, and the axial conductivity generally increases with OCV and temperature. The radial conductivity ranges from 2.14 to 2.87W/m/K if the battery core and the steel shell are considered as a whole; and the radial conductivity of the core ranges from 1.84 to 2.55W/m/K if the core and the shell are considered separately. In the normal OCV range, there is no obvious relationship among the radial conductivity, temperature and OCV, whether the core and the shell are treated separately or not. This work may contribute towards improved thermal simulation of Li-ion cells.}
}

@article{guan2022internal,
title = {Internal pre-heating of 4680 lithium-ion batteries for fast charging in cold environments},
journal = {SSRN Electronic Journal},
year = {2022},
doi = {10.2139/ssrn.4305591},
author = {C. Guan and O. Wander and H. Szeto and R. J. Cl{\'e}ment and Y. Zhu}
}


@Article{Hu,
AUTHOR = {Hu, Rong and Liu, Gang and Niu, Jianlei},
TITLE = {The Impacts of a Building’s Thermal Mass on the Cooling Load of a Radiant System under Various Typical Climates},
JOURNAL = {Energies},
VOLUME = {13},
YEAR = {2020},
NUMBER = {6},
ARTICLE-NUMBER = {1356},
URL = {https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/13/6/1356},
ISSN = {1996-1073},
ABSTRACT = {Cooling load is difficult to predict for a radiant system, because the interaction between a building’s thermal mass and radiation heat gain has not been well defined in a zone with a cooling surface. This study aims to reveal the effect of thermal mass in an external wall on the transmission load in a space with an active cooling surface. We investigated the thermal performances in a typical office building under various weather conditions by dynamic simulation with Energy-Plus. It was found that the thermal mass in the inside concrete layer had positives in terms of indoor temperature performance and energy conservation. The peak cooling load of the hydronic system decreases 28% in the proper operating state, taking into account the effect of the thermal mass in an external wall. Compared to the performances in zones with equivalent convective air systems (CASs), the peak cooling load and the accumulated load of the combined system (radiant system coupled by fresh air system) are higher by 9%–11% and 3%–4%, respectively. The effect of thermal mass is evident in a transient season with mild weather, when the relative effects are about 45% and 60%, respectively, for a building with radiant systems and a building with equivalent CASs.},
DOI = {10.3390/en13061356}
}


@article{kim2020optimization,
title = {Optimization for maximum specific energy density of a lithium-ion battery using progressive quadratic response surface method and design of experiments},
journal = {Scientific Reports},
volume = {10},
pages = {15586},
year = {2020},
doi = {10.1038/s41598-020-72442-4},
url = {https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-72442-4},
author = {J. S. Kim and D. C. Lee and J. J. Lee and others}
}


@misc{tesla2025manual,
title = {Model Y owner's manual},
author = {{Tesla}},
year = {2025},
url = {https://www.tesla.com/ownersmanual/modely/en_eu/GUID-7FE78D73-0A17-47C4-B21B-54F641FFAEF4.html}
}

@article{kane2022report,
title = {Report: 4680-powered Tesla Model Y recharged to 80\% in 32 minutes},
journal = {InsideEVs},
year = {2022},
month = {Jul},
day = {11},
url = {https://insideevs.com/news/597305/4680-tesla-modely-fast-charging/},
author = {M. Kane}
}