Preventing the Next Luton

A Novel Risk-Based Approach to Fire Safety and Operational Resilience in Airport Car Parks

Abstract

The 2023 Luton Airport car park fire, which destroyed over 1,300 vehicles and caused £20M in losses, highlighted vulnerabilities in Multi-Storey Car Parks (MSCPs) and the limitations of UK regulations that prioritize life safety over operational resilience. This study introduces a sector-first, risk-based framework methodology designed to identify and prioritize enhancements that mitigate the operational, financial, and reputational impacts of severe fire events. The approach was applied to nine MSCPs across two UK airports, combining desktop analysis, on-site inspections, impact-based assessments, fire engineering evaluations, and global benchmarking. Findings indicate that all MSCPs would benefit from targeted improvements, including upgrading fire detection systems, retrofitting fire collars to drainage systems, improving compartmentation at building interfaces, and evaluating sprinkler systems through cost-benefit analysis. These enhancements, aligned with evolving vehicle technologies and international best practices, offer significant reductions in disruption risk with relatively modest investment. The proposed framework shifts the focus from regulatory compliance to proactive resilience, providing a replicable model for aviation infrastructure and other complex environments. By adopting this structured methodology, stakeholders can strengthen fire safety strategies, protect passenger experience, and safeguard operational continuity in the face of emerging fire challenges.