Cybersecurity Risk Assessment

Abstract

This study presents cybersecurity risk assessment addressing growing national cybersecurity, economic, and societal risks of modern cyber threats. Cybersecurity has evolved into a strategic national imperative, where cyber incidents can disrupt essential services, degrade military capabilities, and trigger cascading failures across critical infrastructure. Cyber operations increasingly target military hardware and defense systems, including aircraft, fighter jet platforms, and drone and missile navigation through GPS spoofing and jamming. Intrusions into defense contractors further expose sensitive operational data, demonstrating that cyber warfare impacts both civilian and military domains without physical engagement.

This evolving landscape confirms cybersecurity as a core national cybersecurity priority, where failure to manage, risks can lead to economic instability, military vulnerability, societal disruption, and far-reaching geopolitical consequences, ultimately threatening national stability and existence.

The framework adopts a governance-driven approach aligned with ISO/IEC 27001, introducing a quantitative risk model. Using telecommunications as a primary case study due to its cross-sector dependencies, the framework supports practical tools such as risk assessment templates, asset registers, and sector dashboards, emphasizing the need to extend cybersecurity beyond Information Technology (IT) into national governance and resilience strategies.