The Balloon-v1 Model for Metals With Improved Cyclic Response

Abstract

A versatile constitutive model is proposed for modelling complex cyclic response of metals. Within the framework of a revised subloading surface theory, the proposed model incorporates a novel isotropic hardening formulation based on the loading reversal information embedded in the normal yield ratio defined in the subloading surface theory. This formulation enables the model to capture a wide range of cyclic phenomena including cyclic hardening/softening, ratcheting, and stress relaxation under cyclic loading. The versatility of the proposed model is demonstrated through numerical examples involving various cyclic loading scenarios, and the results are compared with experimental data from the literature.