3DLD Technology: Virtual Reference as a Measure of Weld Bead Surface Shape

Abstract

This paper summarizes the key findings of the authors' experimental and theoretical research over the past 15 years. A physico-mathematical model for the formation of a weld bead free interphase surface in fusion welding is presented. The model is based on the Laplace equation and the variational principle of minimum potential energy. This model enables the calculation of a virtual reference standard for the weld bead profile across all spatial positions (0°–360°). The results of the numerical solution of integro-differential equations implemented in the 3DLD software are provided. Examples of reference profile calculations are demonstrated.